Explanation: This type of method uses borders to divide the land into strips of with 10 to 20 meters, 100 to 400 meters in length each. Ridges are provided between borders so as to prevent overtopping during irrigation. Supply ditches run perpendicular to borders either on one side of the field to provide water for irrigation.

Explanation: In this method, water is applied to the field through a network of pipes connected to sprinklers of different types, and through these sprinklers, water comes out as artificial rain and waters the crops in the field.

Explanation: Because good irrigation has uniform water distribution for both light irrigation and heavy irrigation. It also reduces conveyance and labor losses. It also facilitates mechanized farming. So, these advantages lead to increased yield.

Explanation: Irrigation by this type of method is done, by dividing the entire land to be irrigated into a number strips called laterals. These laterals may be perpendicular to the sides of the field or perpendicular to the contour lines. So, as this method uses contour lines of field it is suitable for both flat lands and steep lands.

Explanation: In lift irrigation system due to the commanded area of each well near to it, gives a high value of duty when compared to flow irrigation system.

Explanation: Actually lysimeter method is used to determine the AET. This method consists of a tight tanker filled with a block of soil and is installed in a field of growing plants. The conditions to maintain this tanker on par with conditions of the field and the measurement of water added to the tanker to maintain moisture content are time-consuming and costlier field studies.

Mathematically, FIR = NIR / Na where Na = application efficiency and NIR = Net irrigation requirement.

Mathematically, GIR = FIR/Nc.

Explanation: Direct irrigation using a weir or barrage (canal irrigation) is generally preferred in alluvial soil as compared to storage irrigation. Alluvial soil is a fine-grained fertile soil and due to its porosity and texture provides good drainage making it highly productive and suitable for agriculture.

Explanation: A carrier canal is a canal used for both direct irrigation and for feeding water to another canal. Thus, it acts as an irrigation canal as well as a feeder canal. Upper Chenab Canal is an example of this type of canal.

Explanation: The AII is the sum total of intensities of irrigation of all the seasons of the year. IT can also be defined as the percentage of CCA which may be irrigated annually. It is thus obtained by dividing the gross irrigated area by the CCA.

Explanation: In spite of the fact that this method requires good control and monitoring on the release of water, it is usually adopted in India. The production would be the maximum per unit of available water, though it may not be optimum of the land covered.