Explanation: The GLONASS ephemeris data are broadcast as ECEF or Earth Center Earth Fixed coordinate system cartesian coordinates in position and velocity with lunar and solar acceleration perturbations parameters that are valid about 0.5 hour.

Explanation: GLONASS satellites are distinguished and differentiated by radio frequency channel rather than spread spectrum code as in GPS. They use FDMA whereas GPS uses CDMA.

Explanation: A uniform power density is required for using GLONASS. A shaped beam antenna is used to produce uniform power spectral density on the ground.

Explanation: The unique frequency for L1 signal in the GLONASS system is given by the formula f= 1602.0 +0.5625i MHz where I=0,1,2,….,24. The separation between each of these satellites is 562.5 kHz.

Explanation: The GLONASS use i= -7 to +4 frequency channels for normal operation. This was done so that the signal does not interfere with the radio astronomy ground station which uses the same frequency band.

Explanation: The Frequency of the GLONASS channel was shifted down in 2005. This shift down in frequency is to avoid interference from future Mobile Satellite Services.

Explanation: In GLONASS, both the satellite broadcast signals L1 and L2 are bi-phase modulated with PRN codes and navigational data. These are necessary for computing velocity and position of the user in 3D space.

Explanation: GPS time does not follow the leap second correction that UTC occasionally makes. GLONASS time does.

Explanation: The unique frequency for L2 signal in the GLONASS system is given by the formula f= 1246.0 +0.4375i MHz where I=0,1,2,….,24. The separation between each of these satellites is 437.5kHz.

Explanation: The GPS segment provides correlations so that GPS time can be related to UTC(USNO) modulo 1sec to within 90nsec, whereas the GLONASS control segment provides correlations so that GLONASS time can be related to UTC(Moscow) to within 1μsec.