Explanation: At the load end of the shorted one quarter wavelength line, voltage is zero and current is maximum. But one-quarter wavelength back, at the generator, the voltage is maximum and the current is zero. To the generator, the line appears as an open circuit, or at least very high impedance.

Explanation: At the end of a shorted one half wavelength line, the generator sees the same conditions as at the end of the line, i.e., zero voltage and maximum current. This represents a short, or very low impedance.

Explanation: When the length of the transmission line is one half of the wavelength, a standing wave pattern is produced where the current and voltage at the generator and the end of the transmission line is same. In this case, the line looks like a series resonant circuit to the generator.

Explanation: If the line length is less than one-quarter wavelength at the operating frequency, the shorted line looks like an inductor to the generator. If the shorted line is between one quarter and one-half wavelength, it looks like a capacitor to the generator.

Explanation: To the generator, an open one-quarter wavelength line looks like a series resonant circuit and a one-half wavelength line looks like a parallel resonant circuit. This is just the opposite of a shorted line.

Explanation: If the open transmission line is less than one-quarter wavelength, the generator sees a capacitance. If the line is between one-quarter and one-half wavelength, the generator sees an inductance. These characteristics repeat for lines that are some multiple of one-quarter or one-half wavelengths.

Explanation: If the line acts as a series resonant circuit, its impedance is zero. If the line is of such a length that it acts as a parallel resonant circuit, its impedance is near infinity. If the line is some intermediate length, it is reactive.

Explanation: At UHF and microwave frequencies the values of inductance and capacitance become so small that it is difficult to realize them physically with standard coils and capacitors. Special transmission lines constructed with copper patterns on a printed circuit board (PCB), called microstrip or stripline, can be used as tuned circuits, filters, phase shifters, reactive components, and impedance-matching circuits at these high frequencies.

Explanation: Microstrip is a flat conductor separated by an insulating dielectric from a large conducting ground plane. The microstrip is usually onequarter or one-half wavelength long and is used for transmission in the UHF and microwave region.

Explanation: Characteristic impedance of microstrip = .

Explanation: Stripline is a conductor sandwiched between two ground planes. It is more difficult to make than microstrip; however, it does not radiate as microstrip does.

Explanation: Even tinier microstrip and striplines can be made by using monolithic, thin-film, and hybrid IC techniques. When these are combined with diodes, transistors, and other components, microwave integrated circuits (MICs) are formed.

Explanation: Characteristic impedance of the line = .