Explanation: Cyanobacteria require light as a source of energy to perform photosynthesis. Fungi and viruses are unable to perform photosynthesis and are heterotrophic.

Explanation: Compound microscope contains three separate lens systems. The condenser lens is placed between the light source and the specimen and it gathers and focuses the light rays in the plane of the microscopic field to view the specimen.

Explanation: Microorganisms are used in many industries for the production of food we eat, like fermented dairy products (sour cream, yogurt), as well as fermented foods as pickles, breads and alcoholic beverages.

Explanation: Bacteria are very small, most being approximately 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer in diameter. This is the reason why they cannot be seen by naked eyes and can be observed under the microscope.

Thus maximum resolution is obtained with the shortest wavelength of visible light and an objective with the maximum NA.

Explanation: Electron Microscope uses electron beams and magnetic fields to produce the image, whereas the light microscope uses light waves and glass lenses. In electron microscopy, a much higher resolution is obtained with extremely short wavelength of the electron beam.

Explanation: Spirochetes are flexible and can twist and contort their shape, whereas spirilla are relatively rigid. Treponema palldium belongs to the spirochetes group and Spirillum volutans belong to the spirilla group.

Explanation: In amphitrichous, flagella occur either singly or in clusters at both cell poles. Lophotrichous refers to a cluster of polar flagella, peritrichous is surrounded by lateral flagella and monotrichous is for a single polar flagella.

Explanation: The respiratory chain of bacteria is associated with the cytoplasmic membrane and that of eukaryotes is present in the mitochondrial membrane.

Explanation: Glycolysis does not require the presence of oxygen and therefore can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic cells. In anaerobic cells glucose is degraded into fermentation products and in aerobic cells glucose is degraded into carbon dioxide and water.

Explanation: DNA polymerase I remove the RNA primer with its 5”-nuclease activity; simultaneously it fills in the gap with DNA via its 3’-polymerase activity.

Explanation: Phosphorus, usually supplied in the form of phosphate, is an essential component of nucleotides, nucleic acids, phospholipids, teichoic acids, and other components.

Explanation: Staphylococcus aureus is a mesophilic bacteria which can grow in the temperature range of 6.5-46 degree Celsius and has an optimum temperature at 30-37 degree Celsius.

Explanation: Growth denotes the increase in number of cells beyond that present in the original inoculum. It does not refer to an increase in size or mass of an individual organism.

Explanation: Due to a higher degree of dilution, pour-plate and spread-plate techniques may be performed in a quantitative manner to determine the number of bacteria present in a specimen.

Explanation: Borrelia is the genus of bacteria belonging to the class Spirochaetaceae and are microaerophilic.

Explanation: Because of the lack of a cell wall, mycoplasmas are not inhibited by even high levels of penicillin; however, they can be inhibited by antibiotics that affect protein synthesis, such as tetracyclines or chloramphenicol.

Explanation: The cell wall structural components of fungi are chitin, cellulose, or hemicellulose whereas the bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan.