Explanation: Cryptococcus neoformans is an important basidiomycetous pathogen of humans, causing cryptococcosis, a generalized mycotic infection involving the bloodstream as well as lungs, central nervous system and other organs.

Explanation: Prototheca has been found to be a probable pathogen of humans. It has been found in systemic and subcutaneous infections, as well as in bursitis.

Explanation: Chrysolaminarin is the reserved food of Xanthophycophyta which is the yellow-green algae along with oils.

Explanation: Holozoic protozoa are protozoa that eat other organisms. Species of Paramecium are holozoic and they must have a supply of bacteria or other protozoa.

Explanation: The malarial parasite, Plasmodium divides by the process of multiple fission where it is known as schizogony and serves to spread the parasite quickly in the host.

Explanation:Styloviridae is a family of lambda phage viruses that are non-enveloped and has dsDNA.

Explanation: In lysogeny the viral DNA of the temperate phage, instead of taking over the functions of the cell’s genes, is incorporated into the host DNA and becomes a prophage in the bacterial chromosome, acting as a gene.

Explanation: In 1796 Jenner first vaccinated an 8-year old boy with material removed from cow and it gave protection against the smallpox virus.

Explanation: Among the virus diseases for which vaccines have been recently developed through the use of tissue culture is measles (rubeola).

Explanation: Ultraviolet light is absorbed by many cellular materials but most significantly by the nucleic acids where it does the most damage. Pyrimidine dimers are formed due to which DNA replication is inhibited and mutations can result.

Explanation: Syphilis is the first known disease for which a chemotherapeutic agent was used. An arsenical compound known as Salvarsan was synthesized by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 to treat this disease.

Explanation: The high osmotic pressure prevents the cells from bursting. Rod-shaped cells become spherical because they lack the cell structure which imparts shape.

Explanation: Tyrocidines and gramicidines are more effective against Gram-positive organisms whereas polymyxins are particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

Explanation: Chemical-assay methods are generally more accurate and require less time than biological methods, but they are less sensitive, and caution must be used lest biologically inactive degradation products give misleading results.

Explanation: Nitrospina gracilis is a nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. They are involved in the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate.

Explanation: The most abundant organic material in plants is cellulose. The initial enzymatic at-tack is by cellulase which splits this long-chain polymer of glucose to cellobiose which contains two glucose units.

Explanation: Sulphates are reduced to hydrogen sulphide by soil microorganisms like Desulfotomaculum species. Like calcium sulphate gives us hydrogen sulphide and calcium hydroxide.

Explanation: Microorganisms from lakes and rivers are salt sensitive and do not grow at a salt concentration of more than 1 percent whereas marine microorganisms are halophilic.

Explanation: In regions of the estuary that are nutritionally poor, one is likely to find the budding and/or the appendaged bacteria, in addition to pseudomonads.

Explanation: Secondary or biological treatment is done to adsorb and ultimately oxidize organic constituents of the wastewater, i.e, to reduce the BOD.