Explanation: Micrococci such as Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus varians are found in the ducts of cow’s mammary glands and dairy utensils. They are acid producers and are weakly proteolytic.

Explanation: The most important organism to be eliminated in canned foods is the spore forming anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, which is capable of producing a very potent lethal toxin.

Explanation: The microorganisms can be cultivated on industrial wastes or by-products as nutrients and yield a large cell crop that is rich in protein. Bacterial cell grown on hydrocarbon wastes from the petroleum industry are a source of protein in France, Japan, Taiwan, and India.

Explanation: Leuconostoc mesenteroides is the producer organism for dextran which acts as a stabilizer in food products and as a blood plasma substitute.

Explanation: Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are among the principal microorganisms responsible for producing yogurt by fermentation.

Explanation: Candida utilis is yeast used for producing microbial protein which is used as an animal food supplement (single-cell protein) from paper-pulp waste.

Explanation: Acridine orange is an intercalating agent that can intercalate between the base pairs in the central stack of the DNA helix and distort the structures and cause subsequent replication errors.

Explanation: The occurrence of lipopolysaccharide in cell walls is characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria; whereas Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls that contain teichoic acid. Fungal and algal cell walls are very different in composition from those of bacteria.

Explanation: The teichoic acids are water-soluble polymers, containing ribitol or glycerol residues joined through phosphodiester linkages. The glycerol or ribitol is joined to a sugar residue such as glucose, galactose or N-acetyl glucosamine.

Explanation: The cytoplasmic membrane is a hydrophobic barrier to penetration by most water-soluble molecules. Because of its impermeability to protons, the cytoplasmic membrane is the site of the generation of the proton motive force.