Explanation: Electrolysis is a method where DC current i.e. direct electric current is passed through an ionic substance which is either in molten state or may be dissolved in a solvent, thus chemical reactions take place at the electrodes.

Explanation: DTA, differential thermal analysis cells are usually designed for maximum sensitivity to thermal changes but this is often at the expense of losing a calorimetric response.

Explanation: An accurate and rapid TGA method is to study the decomposition of reactions isothermally, the TGA furnace is arranged at a pre-set temperature and the sample introduced directly at this temperature. After allowing 2 to 3 minutes for the sample with time can be followed. The process may be repeated at other temperatures and the results analyzed to determine reaction mechanisms, etc.

Explanation: Kα is a transition from 2p→1s, and it is a doublet because the transition has slightly different energy for the two possible spin states of the 2p electron while makes the transition, relative to the spin of the vacant 1s orbital.

Explanation: Optical grating is a system by which we understand the diffraction of light, so it gives a one dimensional analogue of the three dimensional process that occurs in crystals.

Explanation: This equation gives the conditions under which constructive interference occurs and relates the spacing of the grating to the light wavelength and the diffraction order, n. Hence, depending on the value of a sinα, one or more diffraction orders, corresponding to n=1,2, etc, may be observed.

Explanation: The orthorhombic unit cell may be regarded as something like a shoebox in which the angles are all 90˚ but the sides are of unequal length. It usually possesses several mirror planes of symmetry and several twofold axes.

Explanation: A monochromatic beam of X-rays strike a finely powdered sample that ideally has crystals randomly arranged in every possible orientation in the powder method.

Explanation: If the crystal arrangement is not random, then preferred orientation exists and can introduce errors, sometimes very large, into the measured intensities preferred orientation is a serious problem for the materials that crystallize in a characteristic, very non-spherical shape like clay minerals, etc.

Explanation: 2p→1s electronic transition generates the Cu Kα radiation of wavelength 1.5418 A˚ and in order to create a vacant 1slevel in the first place, 1s→∞ ionization potential is needed and this energy difference corresponds to a wavelength for copper of1.3804 A˚.

Explanation: The unit cell parameters in the crystal are often determined with the aid of single crystal X-ray photographs. The symmetry or unit cell type is first obtained from an inspection of the photographs.

Explanation: Stresses on the crystal is caused by the application of an external pressure for example the working hard of the metals in which residual distortions are present in the crystal after treatment.

Explanation: In the focusing cameras an additional feature is the crystal monochromator which serves two functions, to give highly monochromatic radiation and to produce an intense, convergent X-ray beam.

Explanation: For any set of lattice phases, the diffracted radiation forms the surface of a cone. The only requirement for diffraction is that the planes be at angle Θ to the incident beam, no restriction is placed on the angular orientation of the plane about the axis of the incident beam.

Explanation: Interference occurs between the waves when they originate from each line source. In certain directions, adjacent beams are in phase with each other and constructive interference occurs to give a resultant diffracted beam in that direction.

Explanation: A wide variety of source material for evaporation may be used including metals, alloys, semiconductors, insulators, and inorganic salts. These are placed in the container made of for example tungsten, tantalum or molybdenum, which can withstand very high temperature and chemically unreactive towards the material being evaporated.

Explanation: Second law of electrolysis based on Michael Faraday’s second law which states that when the same amount of current is passed through different electrolytes or elements which are connected in series then the mass of the substance liberated or deposited at the electrode is directly proportional to their equivalent weight.

Explanation: Intensities depend on several factors, one of its factor is absorption factor, absorption of X-rays by the sample and depend on the form of the sample and geometry of the instrument. Ideally, for single crystal work, crystals should be spherical so as to have the same absorption factor in all directions.