Explanation: Lamin makes up the inner surface of a nuclear membrane. Mutations in the lamin genes (LMNA) lead to a rare form of muscular dystrophy (EDMD2). Patients of this disease have extremely fragile nuclei.

Explanation: There are mutations that alter the information of a single gene and then there are a whole range of alterations that chromosomes may be subjected to. Most of these alterations occur during cell division, when the chromosomal content is replicated and then distributed evenly among daughter cells.

Explanation: The chromosomal aberrations follow chromosomal breakage; hence their incidence increases by exposure to agents such as UV-rays, X-rays, viral infections that damage the DNA.

Explanation: Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder in which the chromosomes are highly unstable and prone to breakage. This disease results in decreased production of all types of blood cells.

Explanation: Chromosomal aberration refers to the change in number of chromosomes or any other associated errors. There are various types of chromosomal aberrations including inversions, translocations, duplications etc. Mutation however is a broader term.

Explanation: Inversions are chromosomal aberrations that occur when there are two breaks in the chromosome and the segment amidst the breaks becomes resealed in a reverse orientation. During crossing over the aberrant chromosome does not pair properly with its homologue, the gametes then generated by meiosis either possess duplication or a deletion.

Explanation: Philadelphia chromosome is the best studied example of translocation. It is a chromosome found in the malignant cells of leukemia patients. The Philadelphia chromosome was discovered in 1990 and is a shortened version of human chromosome 22.

Explanation: The translocated part of Philadelphia chromosome i.e. shortened chromosome 22 is found on chromosome 9, which gets an addition of 600 extra amino acids encoding for protein kinase.

Explanation: Meiosis is the cellular process where a single cell divides twice to give rise to 4 distinct cells, the gametes. Zygotes containing a chromosomal deletion are a product of abnormal meiosis.

Explanation: Translocations have been proved to be important evolutionary agents. The 24 pairs of chromosomes present in chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans reveal striking similarity with the 23 pairs of chromosomes present in human cells.

Explanation: The first correlation between a chromosomal deletion and a human disorder was first discovered in 1963 by Jerome Lejeune, a French geneticist who had earlier discovered the chromosomal basis of Down syndrome.

Explanation: Duplication occurs due to the presence of more copies of a gene than normal. Partial trisomy is the condition where a gene is repeated thrice, in place of two normal copies of the gene there are three copies.

Explanation: The cry-of-the-cat syndrome arises due to a deletion in human chromosome 5. This was elucidated by Jerome Lejeune while he observed a newborn with facial malformations and a cry resembling that of a suffering cat.