Preference shareholders does not have voting rights. Most preference shares have a fixed dividend, while common stocks generally do not. Preferred stock shareholders also typically do not hold any voting rights, but common shareholders usually do.

Redeemable Debentures are to be redeemed on the expiry of a certain period. Debenture can be redeemed in various ways by a company. It can pay a lump sum on the date of maturity or may pay in annual installments. A company can also purchase it from the open market or convert to an equity share in case of convertible debentures. Innovative ways like call or put option can also be utilized.

When a transfer of shares takes place by the operation of law, it is known as Transmission of shares. The transmission of shares occurs due to the operation of law i.e. in case if the member passes away or becomes insolvent/lunatic.

The Producers co-operative societies are established for the benefit of small producers. To protect the interest of small producers, these societies are set up. The co-operative society members may be farmers, landowners, owners of the fishing operations. To increase the marketing possibilities and production efficiency, producers decide to work together or as separate entities.

The Marketing co-operatives are associations of producers for selling their products at remunerative prices. These are voluntary associations of independent producers who want to sell their output at remunerative prices.

An office routine is a system. Routine is “a series of steps in performance of work, each step in the series being performed in the same order and in the same way every time.”

One-man-one-vote - is the principle adopted by Co-operative Societies. A cooperative society is formally used by people with limited means. The principle of one man one vote discourages members to invest large amounts in the society.

A farmer in the field is an economic activity. Any action that involves producing, distributing, or consuming products or services is an economic activity.

The Insurer who grants a guarantee from the direct insurer is called as Re-Insurer. A reinsurer is an insurance company that insures the risks of other insurance companies. A cedant is an insurer who transfers all or part of a risk to a reinsurer.

The first stock exchange in the world is London stock exchange. London Stock Exchange is one of the world's oldest stock exchanges and can trace its history back to 1571. London Stock Exchange Group was created in October 2007 when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana.

The industry which is concerned with the breeding of plants or animals, which are used in reproduction is termed as Genetic Industry. Genetic industries are concerned mainly with producing - breeding or multiplying of certain species of plants or animals with the object of earning profits from their sale.

Working capital means Current asset minus current liability. Working capital represents a company's ability to pay its current liabilities with its current assets.

Dividends are payable to the Share holders. Dividends payable are dividends that a company's board of directors has declared to be payable to its shareholders. Until such time as the company actually pays the shareholders, the cash amount of the dividend is recorded within a dividends payable account as a current liability.

The return of shares to the company is known as Surrender of shares. Surrender of shares means the return of shares by the shareholder to the company for cancellation. Holder in this case voluntarily abandons all his shares in favour of the company.

The optimum point is an Ideal size of a firm. The optimum firm refers to the best or ideal size of the firm. More specifically optimum or best firm is considered as one that has set up a plant with lowest possible cost and is also operating it at its lowest average cost point.

Housing co-operative societies are helpful to their members in purchasing land and constructing houses. These societies are formed to provide residential houses to members. They purchase land, develop it and construct houses or flats and allot the same to members. Some societies also provide loans at low rate of interest to members to construct their own houses.

Co-operative farming societies are voluntary associations of farmers framed to reap me benefits of large scale farming an scientific lines.

Co-operative societies have Democratic management. The society is managed by a group known as “Board of Directors”. The members of the board of directors are the elected representatives of the society. The main purpose of a Co-operative Society is to provide service to its members.

Equity shares were earlier known as ordinary shares. Equity shares represent the ownership of a company and capital raised by the issue of such shares is known as ownership capital or owner's funds. They are the foundation for the creation of a company.

A debenture is an acknowledgement of a debt. An undertaking to repay a sum of money as a debt by a company which has been deposited with or lent to the body. They are usually secured by fixed charge and floating charge.

The debentures are not given any security on assets are called as Unsecured debentures. Unsecured debenture does not carry any charge or security on the assets of the company.

A speculator who expects a rise in price of securities in the future are called as bull. A bull is an optimistic speculator. He expects a rise in the price of the securities in which he deals.

A bear speculator is also called as Manidiwala. A Bull is a stock market speculator who buys a holding in a stock in the expectation that in the very short-term it will rise in value whereupon they will sell the stock to make a quick profit on the transaction.

The purpose of an office is to furnish essential services to the management. Office provides information to the management on the basis of which it formulates its policies.

Insurance is based on the principle of economic co-operation. It is a pooling of risks and spreading over a number of persons. It is the basic principle of insurance. The premium is collected from a number of persons, and an insurance fund is created. From this fund, the compensation is given to the contributors who suffer contingent loss. In modern days, it is now a specialized branch of commerce. Today, insurance covers a wide range of risks. It now closely related to the day-to-day life of individuals as well as of the nation. It also plays a prominent role in the national economy.

The building used by the professional is called Quiet office.

A condominium, usually shortened to condo, is a type of real estate divided into several units that are each separately owned, surrounded by common areas jointly owned.

A written agreement signed by all partners is called Partnership Deed. Partnership deed should be duly signed by the partners, stamped & registered.

The debentures are given a security on assets are called as Secured debentures. These are debentures that are secured against an asset/assets of the company. This means a charge is created on such an asset in case of default in repayment of such debentures.

The preference shares holders who have no claim for the arrears of dividend are Non-cumulative preference shares. Non-cumulative preference shares are those type of preference shares, which have right to get fixed rate of dividend out of the profits of current year only. They do not carry the right to receive arrears of dividend.