Explanation: Some medications must be given by an intravenous (IV) injection or infusion. This means they’re sent directly into your vein using a needle or tube. With IV administration, a thin plastic tube called an IV catheter is inserted into your vein.

Explanation: An intramuscular injection is a technique used to deliver a medication deep into the muscles. You may have received an intramuscular injection at a doctor’s office the last time you got a vaccine, like the flu shot.

Explanation: A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine and goserelin.

Explanation: Dietary cation-anion difference, or DCAD, is a measure you should be used in both dry and lactating cows. In close-up dry cows, a negative (-ve ) DCAD helps to prevent metabolic problems and in lactating cows, a positive DCAD can help increase milk production and milk components.

Explanation: Cations and anions are both ions. The difference between a cation and an anion is the net electrical charge of the ion. Ions are atoms/ molecules those who have gained or lost one or more valence electrons giving the ion a net positive or negative charge. Cations are ions with a net positive charge.

Explanation: Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have gained electrons. As they now have more of electrons than protons, anions have a negative charge.

Explanation: The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a piece of regulation implemented January 1, 1994, simultaneously in Mexico, Canada and the United States that eliminates most tariffs on trade between these nations.

Explanation: The United States Animal Health Association (USAHA), the nation’s animal health forum for over a century, is a science-based, non-profit, voluntary organization. USAHA works with state and federal governments, universities, veterinarians, livestock producers, national livestock and poultry organizations, research scientists, the extension service and several foreign countries to control livestock diseases in the United States.

Explanation: In April 2014, the Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (AIPL) and the Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory (BFGL) were merged to form the Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory (AGIL). As part of the merger, the main AIPL research project on the discovery and development of improved methods for the genetic and genomic evaluation of economically important traits of dairy animals has renamed the Animal Improvement Program (AIP).

Explanation: At approximately day 60 of gestation, male and female genital tubercles can be visualized on a high-resolution ultrasound monitor. Male and female genital tubercles appear bilobed on the monitor; each lobe is in the shape of an oval, which aids in differentiation from surrounding structures.

Explanation: In human anatomy, the inguinal region refers to either the groin or the lower lateral regions of the abdomen. It may also refer to as a conjoint tendon, previously known as the inguinal aponeurotic falx, a structure formed from the transversus abdominis insertion into the pecten pubis.

Explanation: After breeding pregnancy takes place. The pregnancy can be detected by ultrasound 28-30 days after the breeding.

Explanation: The main advantage of scanning is that it can give an accurate diagnosis earlier than rectal palpation. Pregnancy can be detected earlier with ultrasound compared with rectal palpation. 10 to 16% of cows diagnosed pregnant at 40-50 days.

Explanation: Lignin composition and p-coumaric acid in the wall are less likely to affect digestibility. Voluntary intake of forages is a critical determinant of animal performance and cell-wall concentration is negatively related to intake of ruminants consuming high-forage diets.

Explanation: Cows freshen after a calf’s birth. Freshening occurs when milk production begins. She’s then a “wet” cow, as opposed to “dry,” non-milk-producing animal. Bout 12-14 weeks after freshening does a cow’s dry matter intake peak.