Explanation: The B-cell cancer myeloma was known, researchers understood that these cancerous B-cells all produce a single type of antibody. This theory was used to study the structure of antibodies. Later the process of producing monoclonal antibodies invented by Georges Köhler and César Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 for the discovery.

Explanation: For the hybridoma technology the mouse is being injected with antigen. Antigen can be intact cell, whole cell membrane, microorganism, peptide, protein, heat killed cells. These are injected to activate the immune reaction till the making of memory cells. Which can later be harvested for the production of monoclonal antibody.

Explanation: Polyethylene glycol fusion is a simple and efficient technique widely used for monoclonal cell production. Spleen cells and myeloma cells are fused using polyethylene glycol. Then the hybridoma cells are grown in HAT selective medium and scanned for viable hybridoma cells.

Explanation: Yes, bioterrorism can be fought with the help of Monoclonal antibodies. These are because bioterrorism most of the time means by certain virus, bacteria will be engaged to take down a whole place. That microbe will be having a single antibody being produced in the host cell. Thus, we can harvest these and may have a monoclonal antibody in the future.

Explanation: Monoclonal antibodies are employed in the manufacturing of biosensors and microarrays. Monoclonal antibodies since they are made from only one single antigen can be used to detect the presence of that antigen in the given sample. It can detect antigens in a very small amount.

Explanation: Application of monoclonal antibody in the biosensors is a diagnostic application of maps. Using in transplant rejection and infectious disease is the therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies. Purification of drugs and imaging the target is the clinical application of monoclonal antibody.

Explanation: mAbs act directly when binding to cancer-specific antigens and induce an immunological response to cancer cells. Such as inducing cancer cell apoptosis, inhibiting growth, or interfering with a key function. This is one of the reasons for the application of monoclonal antibodies in the cancer treatment field.

Explanation: Monoclonal antibodies are modified to deliver any toxin, radioisotope, cytokine or other active conjugates used for treatment purposes. Bispecific antibodies that can bind with their Fab regions both to the target antigen and to a conjugate or effector cell are also produced. Antibodies similar to human antibodies are produced so that they don’t suffer immune rejections.

Explanation: It is possible to design bispecific antibodies. Bispecific antibodies can either bind to 2 antigen or bind with antigen and with another effector cell/conjugate cell. By binding with effector cell, it increases the efficacy of the reactions to happen and thus more chances of getting positive results.