Explanation: We can draw perpendicular lines using three methods. In one method, if the point is nearer to the centre of the line to which the perpendicular is to be made then we can use the bisector method where we cut two arcs on the line and from those intersections we cut another to the point.

Explanation: There are two ways by which we can draw parallel lines to an existing line. The first method is when we have to draw parallel lines to a line through a given point. The other method is to draw parallel lines to a line through a given distance.

Explanation: While drawing a perpendicular line through a point which is nearer to the middle of a given line, an arc is cut at two points on the line. From these two intersection points, we draw other arcs with the same radius and they are made to cut each other.

Explanation: While drawing a perpendicular to a given line through a point nearer to the end of the line, the geometric property of the circle that the diameter of a circle always subtends an angle of 90˚ on the circumference of the circle is used to draw the perpendicular line.

Explanation: For drawing a perpendicular through a point outside a given line, an arc is drawn from that point to the line intersecting at two points. Then a perpendicular bisector is drawn between those points and thus making a perpendicular through the point outside the line.

Explanation: While drawing a perpendicular to a line from a point within a line but nearer to the end of the line, all the arcs drawn in the process are of same radii. There four arcs drawn in the process and all of them have the same radius.

Explanation: For drawing perpendicular to a given line through a point that is outside the line and is nearer to the end of the line we first cut an arc with radius equal to AD, keeping centre at A. then we draw another arc with radius DP keeping centre at P. Then join both intersection points we get the perpendicular.

Explanation: For drawing parallel lines to a given line through a given point we make use of arcs. By cutting the given line using an arc with centre as the given point and of convenient radius, then using the same radius cutting an arc with centre with the new intersection point and so on we make the parallel line.

Explanation: The first arc drawn is C with centre A and any convenient radius. Then from C with the same radius another arc is drawn to the line PQ which cuts at D. And again from C another arc is drawn with a radius equal to AD and it cuts at B and then A and B are joined giving the required parallel line.

Explanation: While drawing a parallel line to a given line through a given distance, we need to draw arcs and a tangent. The arcs are drawn on the same side of the given line and with a radius as the given distance. Then a tangent is drawn joining both the arcs.