Explanation: Genetic fingerprinting is not a traditional method of differentiation. It is a modern method. Plate tests, flocculation tests, assimilation, etc are traditional methods that are based on conventional brewing microbiology.

Explanation: Modern methods cannot replace traditional methods mainly due to three reasons: The revenue and capital costs of modern methods are higher, the required skill sets are not found in brewery QA laboratories, and the overall cost benefit is not attractive.

Explanation: IRR1 gene is responsible for the growth or formation of colonies on solid media but it has no role to play on growth in liquid culture. It is neither responsible for the release of the enzyme nor the synthesis of proteins.

Explanation: Giant colony method is the most traditional method of the traditional methods of strain characterization. Lindner reported that up to ten single colonies on thick wort-gelatin plates give rise to ‘giant colonies’ when incubated for three weeks at 18°C.

Explanation: WLN agar is a chromogenic agar that is used in the detection of yeasts and bacteria. The colour of colonies grown on WLN media ranges from light lime green to dark green. The colony colour is used in the differentiation of yeasts.

Explanation: The antibiotic cycloheximide inhibits cytoplasmic protein synthesis in yeasts and other eukaryotes. The resistance to cycloheximide is used in the differentiation of the brewing strains of yeasts.

Explanation: Haptens are the substances which are immunogens but do not generate an immune response and are not immunogenic. If haptens are bound to any larger molecule like Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), it will lead to the formation of protein-carrier complex. This complex is immunogenic in nature and thus generates an immune response.

Explanation: T cells are T-lymphocytes that are formed inside the bone marrow and for maturation they travel to the thymus. They become single positive after maturation and then the selection of T-cells is initiated.

Explanation: An antigen is any foreign molecule that generates a specific immune response. It is not always immunogenic (e.g. haptens). They are also called as immunogens and they possess epitopes on which a specific antibody molecule attaches itself.

Explanation: B-cells are formed in the bone marrow and even mature inside the bone marrow. They are also known as B-lymphocytes and are Antigen Presenting Cell (APC). They secrete antibodies in response to antigens.

Explanation: The mutants can be easily searched by using a replica plate technique. It involves the transfer of colonies from the master plate to a variety of agar plates such as an antibiotic-resistant plate. The colonies which grow on both the master plate and the replica plate are antibiotic-resistant mutants.

Explanation: ELISA is an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. It is useful in determining the concentration of antigen and antibody. It also has an application in the detection of cancer. However, it is not useful in the viewing of DNA. UV transilluminator is used for DNA viewing.

Explanation: Ale strains and lager strains can be easily differentiated by incubating at the temperature 37-38°C. Ale strains have a maximum growth temperature of 37.5 to 39.8°C. whereas lager strains grow at 31.6 to 34.0°C. Thus, it is an easy method for differentiation of strains.

Explanation: Organic acids can be used in the differentiation of brewing strains. The organic acid profile can be used to discriminate after growth on the assimilatory carbon sources but not after growth on glucose.