Explanation: Rectification, Stripping and Re-fluxing are all processes/methods to enhance the amount of pure distillate.

Explanation: The re-flux ratio being minimum means that an infinite number of plates are required and vice-versa. Hence the re-flux ratio needs to be more than the minimum.

Explanation: A liquid below its boiling temperature means it is sub-cooled.

Explanation: Dew point means the feed is at saturated vapor. Bubble point means the feed is at boiling point.

Explanation: q>1 means the liquid is sub-cooled. Or q<1 means the liquid is a mixture of liquid and vapor. q<0 means the liquid is super heated vapor.

Explanation: q=0 means the slope is a horizontal line. q=1 means the slope is a vertical line. Or q<1 means the slope is negative.

Explanation: Limiting ratio is when the Operating line will meet equilibrium curve. Gas liquid ratio = L/V. When the flow rate of liquid is high, the distance between operating line and equilibrium curve increases.

Explanation: ∫y0ybdy/(y-y*) gives you number of transfer units in the column.

Explanation: Hydrogenation of fats involves solid-liquid-gas phases. Hydrogenation of fats is known as slurry reactor system.

Explanation: Vapour-liquid-Equilibria is related to by a simple expression of Raoult’s law. Raoult’s law is applicable to ideal gases.

Explanation: Raoult’s law is when mole fraction approaches zero and Henry’s law is applicable when concentration approaches zero. Raoult’s law is for pure components and Henry’s law is applicable to dilute solution.

Explanation: Ethanol-water mixture is a popular example of a mixture NOT exhibiting the typical VLE curve.

Explanation: Boiling point concentration diagram plots temperature against x and y. VLE curve plots y against x.

Explanation: Batch distillation is used for small capacity operations. In food processing, batch distillation is used for desolventization.

Explanation: When a system doesn’t obey Raoult’s law, the relative volatility is the ratio of the Henry’s constants for the two systems.