Explanation: The number of discrete values available, or levels, is assumed to be power of two.

Explanation: The conversion involves quantization of the input, is it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input.

Explanation: The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms ofits effective no of bits(ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution.

Explanation: If an ADC operates at the sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error.

Explanation: The values are usually stored electronically in binary form, so the resolution is usually expressed in bits.

Explanation: Resolution can also be defined electrically, and expressed in volts. The minimum change in voltage required to guarantee a change in the output code level is called least significant bit.

Explanation: The analog signal is continuous I time and it is necessary to convert this to a flow of digital values. It is therefore required to define the rate at which new digital values are sampled from the analog signal. The rate of new values is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency of the converter.

Explanation: The most common ways for implementing ADC are direct conversion, successive approximation, ramp compare, Wilkinson, integrating, delta encoded, pipelined, sigma delta, time interleaved, intermediate FM stage, other types.

Explanation: A direct conversion ADC or flash ADC has a bank of comparators sampling the input signal in parallel, each firing for their decoded voltage range.

Explanation: A successive approximation ADC uses a comparator to successively narrow a range that contains the input voltage.

Explanation: Clock jitter is caused by phase noise. Phase noise is the frequency domain representation of rapid, short term, random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, caused by time domain instabilities.

Explanation: The analog signal is continuous in time and it is necessary to convert this to a flow of digital values.

Explanation: An input circuit called a sample and hold performs task, most cases by using a capacitor to store the analog voltage at the input, and using an electronic switch or gate to disconnect the capacitor from the input.

Explanation: Nyqist rate, defined as twice the highest frequency of interest, then all frequencies in the signal can be reconstructed.

Explanation: To avoid aliasing, the input to an ADC must be low pass filtered to remove frequencies above half the sampling rate. This filter is called an anti-aliasing filter.