Long term planning is 5 to 15 years. A long-term planning is about setting a process by which a particular strategic plan will be achieved. This process focuses on activities that start now and continue well into the future.

Informal organization has no place in the organization chart. An informal organization is the social structure of the organization, as opposed to the formal structure of an organization. It establishes how an organization functions from a practical standpoint.

Expectancy motivation theory is given by Vroom. Vroom's expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain.

Decision making is the selection based on some criteria from two or more possible alternatives is defined by George R. Terry.

Complete freedom for group or individual decision, with a minimum of leader participation is under free-rein style. Free-rein leadership, also called Laissez-Faire, is a type of leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decisions. Mangers set objectives and employees are free to do whatever is appropriate to accomplish those objectives.

Non-programmed decision is also called strategic decisions. Strategic decisions are the decisions that are concerned with whole environment in which the firm operates, the entire resources and the people who form the company and the interface between the two.

A leader exercises his power over his followers because of his position held in the. organizational hierarchy is institutional leader. The concept of Institutional Leadership opens up some essential aspects of organizational leadership capability that could be defined as the collective ability of leadership to detect and cope with changes in the external environment by maintaining the primary goals of the organization.

Contingent plan to meet environmental pressures is strategies. A contingency plan is a course of action designed to help an organization respond effectively to a significant future event or situation that may or may not happen. A contingency plan is sometimes referred to as "Plan B," because it can be also used as an alternative for action if expected results fail to materialize.

Henry Fayol laid down 14 principles. They are Division of Work, Authority and Responsibility, Discipline, Unity of Command, Unity of Direction, Subordination of Individual Interest, Remuneration, The Degree of Centralization, Scalar Chain, Order, Equity, Stability of Tenure of Personnel, Initiative and Esprit de Corps.

The most popular management think of modern times is Mary Parkett.

Participation, recognition and power are some of the examples of non-financial motivation. Non-financial motivation is the integration of a system of reward and recognitions (Rewards and Recognition - R & R), which doesn't involve giving money directly to the employee.

Business organization gives importance to people and their relationships. A business organization is an entity aimed at carrying on commercial enterprise by providing goods or services, to meet needs of the customers.

Deal with routing and repetitive problems is a programmed decision. A routine or repetitive decision that can be handled by established business rules or procedures. These types of decisions are often called for at certain points in a standard process, and are decided based on recognized and easily identifiable factors.

Leadership behaviour is influenced by certain qualities of a person is Trait theory. The trait theory of leadership is an early assumption that leaders are born and due to this belief, those that possess the correct qualities and traits are better suited to leadership. This theory often identifies behavioural characteristics that are common in leaders.

Making assignments, issuing orders and instructions, providing guidance and inspiration to subordinates for the achievement of organizational objective is called Directing. Directing refers to a process or technique of instructing, guiding, inspiring, counselling, overseeing and leading people towards the accomplishment of organizational goals.

Rules, duties and responsibilities or workers are given in writing in formal organization. The formal organization is basically goal-oriented entity that exist to accurate the efforts of individuals and it refers to the structure of jobs and positions with clearly defined functions, responsibilities and authorities.

Specifying the manner of executing policy is known as procedures. Procedures explain how to accomplish a task. A procedure is sometimes called a work instruction.

The orders, instructions or direction are delegated to a particular person specifically is known as specific delegation. Specific delegation of authority is related with an assigned the task or a particular function.

Supply of human and material resources and helps to achieve the objective of business is organisation. An organization or organisation is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a particular purpose.

Few subordinates report directly to a manger is narrow span of management. The Span of Management refers to the number of subordinates who can be managed efficiently by a superior. Simply, the manager having the group of subordinates who report him directly is called as the span of management.

Authority flows from upwards to downwards in formal organization. The formal organization is basically goal-oriented entity that exist to accurate the efforts of individuals and it refers to the structure of jobs and positions with clearly defined functions, responsibilities and authorities.

Employees will be promoted on the basis of seniority is an example of policy. Seniority is an objective basis for promotion and so each employee is sure of getting promotion.

The term span of management is also known as span of control. The concept of "span of control," also known as management ratio, refers to the number of subordinates controlled directly by a superior.

Complete installation of computer within 3 months is an example of schedule. Schedule management is the process of developing, maintaining and communicating schedules for time and resource. A schedule is the timetable for a project, programme or portfolio.

Departmentation is a part of the organisaiton process. Departmentation means division of work into smaller units and their re-grouping into bigger units (departments) on the basis of similarity of features.

No smoking the factor is an example of rules. Authoritative statement of what to do or not to do in a specific situation, issued by an appropriate person or body. It clarifies, demarcates, or interprets a law or policy.

Set of clear instruction in a clear and logical sequence to perform a particular task is known as programme. Programme management is the process of managing several related projects, often with the intention of improving an organization's performance.

Departmentation on the basis of activities grouped according to the type of customer is departmentation by customers. Customer departmentalization is where the organization’s activities are ready to respond to and interact with specific customers or customer groups.

Construction of fly over is an example of project. Project management is the application of processes, methods, skills, knowledge and experience to achieve specific project objectives according to the project acceptance criteria within agreed parameters