Reports, suggestions, appeals, grievances, etc is example of upward communication. Upward communication is the communication where information or messages flows from the down or bottom of the organizational structure form the top of the organizational structure.

MBO is suggested by Peter F Drucker in 1954. Management by objectives (MBO), also known as management by results (MBR), was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management. Management by objectives is the process of defining specific objectives within an organization that management can convey to organization members, then deciding on how to achieve each objective in sequence.

Scalar chain means hierarchy levels. The concept of hierarchy is a universal phenomenon of organization which means the scalar chain implying a ladder structured in a pyramidical fashion with successive several steps interlinked with each other, from top to bottom.

The problems in communication channels is known as mechanical barriers. Mechanical communication barriers are technical sources of interference in the communication process. A mechanical barrier stems from a problem in machinery or instruments used to transmit the message.

A process whereby superiors and subordinates jointly set goals and assess contributions of Every one to the common goals is called MBO. MBO is "a process whereby superior and subordinate managers of an Organisation jointly define its common goals, define each individual's major areas of responsibility in terms Of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members."

In the words of William G Scott, ―motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Thus motivation is a process by which a need or desire is aroused and a psychological force within our mind sets us in motion to fulfill our needs and desires.

Self-confidence, independence, achievements, knowledge, status, recognition and appreciation examples of ego needs. The term ego has shifted over time. It is the conscious awareness of self and what needs to happen in order for the self (Identity) to survive.

Under MBE control system only extra ordinary or exceptional deviations are reported to management for remedial action. Management by exception is one of the many management practices or styles. It provides you with a specific type of framework that guides the way your management goes about planning, organizing, and controlling, i.e. the core management functions. It provides a set of processes and principles you choose to follow and implement in your management.

The oldest type of organization is line organization. Line organization structure is the oldest and simplest form of organization. In these organizations, a supervisor exercises direct supervision over a subordinate. Also, authority flows from the top-most person in the organization to the person in the lowest rung.

MBE is a technique of management Control. Management by exception (MBE), when applied to business is a style of management that gives employees the responsibility to take decisions and to fulfill their work or projects by themselves. It consists of focus and analysis of statistically relevant anomalies in the data.

The integration of objectives and activities of an organization is co-ordination. Co-ordination is the unification, integration, synchronization of the efforts of group members so as to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals.

MBO is a technique of management. Management by objectives (MBO) is a strategic management model that aims to improve the performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees.

Internal coordination is all about establishing a relationship between all the managers, executives, departments, divisions, branches, and employees or workers. These relationships are established with a view to coordinate the activities of the organization.

encoding takes place when the sender translates the information or message into some words, signs or symbols. In encoding the message, the sender has to choose those words, symbols or gestures that he believes to have the same meaning for the receiver. In order to convey meaning, the sender must begin encoding, which means translating information into a message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts. This process translates the ideas or concepts into the coded message that will be communicated.

Motivation available only after the completion of a job is extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which originates inside of the individual.

The person who receives the message is called receiver. In the communication process, the "receiver" is the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed. The receiver is also called the "audience" or decoder. The person who initiates a message in the communication process is called the "sender."

Inter-depoartmental committee meeting is an example of horizontal communication. Horizontal communication is the transmission of information between people, divisions, departments or units within the same level of organizational hierarchy. You can distinguish it from vertical communication, which is the transmission of information between different levels of the organizational hierarchy.

According to Maslow, the satisfied needs do not motivate the workers. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to one's bodily functioning.

Rumours and gossips are informal communication. The Informal Communication is the casual and unofficial form of communication wherein the information is exchanged spontaneously between two or more persons without conforming the prescribed official rules, processes, system, formalities and chain of command.

Motivation available at the time of performance of work is intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual because it is naturally satisfying to you.

Herzbergs Hygeine factors do not motivate employees. The absence of hygiene factors will cause employees to work less hard. Hygiene factors are not present in the actual job itself but surround the job.

X and Y theory was introduced by Mc gregor. Theory X and Theory Y were first explained by McGregor in his book, "The Human Side of Enterprise," and they refer to two styles of management – authoritarian (Theory X) and participative (Theory Y).

Leadership theory which explains that a leader is strongly affected by the situation in which he works is Situational theory. The situational leadership theory refers to those leaders who adopt different leadership styles according to the situation and the development level of their team members. It is an effective way of leadership because it adapts to the team's needs and sets a beneficial balance for the whole organization.

Time-event network is PERT. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique ( PERT) is a network model that allows for randomness in activity completion times.

Followers decide whether a person is a leader or not is according to Followers theory. According to this leader-follower theory followers may from groups and the followers' groups naturally have their own characteristics and needs. According to the characteristics and nature of followers' groups needs are ascertained.

Management is both art and science. It is considered as a science because it has an organized body of knowledge which contains certain universal truth. It is called an art because managing requires certain skills which are personal possessions of managers.