The indeterminate species are those species which are considered under the category of threatened species. Such species are defined under the IUCN red book data as the species which are under the threat. These species cannot be categorized into extinct, vulnerable, endangered and rare category appropriately. Answer : (d)

Beta diversity ( Between communities diversity): It is diversity which appears in a along gradient of habitat within geographical area replacement of species with the change in communities due to different microhabitat, niches and difference in environmental condition. Answer : (b)

A wildlife sanctuary is an area where animal habitats and their surroundings are protected from any sort of disturbance. Functions: 1)A wildlife sanctuary Provides protection and suitable living conditions to the wild animals in their natural habitat. 2)In a wildlife sanctuary killing and capturing of wild animals is strictly prohibited. 3)It does not allow any human activity which disturbs the wild animals or their habitat. Answer : (d)

The giant panda is a vulnerable species, threatened by continued habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity. In 2016, the IUCN reclassified the species from "endangered" to "vulnerable", affirming decade-long efforts to save the panda. Answer : (a)

Germplasm are living genetic resources such as seeds or tissues that are maintained for the purpose of animal and plant breeding, preservation, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of seed collections stored in seed banks, trees growing in nurseries, animal breeding lines maintained in animal breeding programs or gene banks, etc. Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection. Germplasm collection is important for the maintenance of biological diversity and food security. Answer : (c)

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. Answer : (d)

Amazon rain forest covers a wide area of land's surface. Thus it is called as 'lungs of planet'. The Khasi and Jaintia Hills are a mountainous region that was mainly part of Assam and Meghalaya. This area is now part of the present Indian constitutive state of Meghalaya. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) met from 26 August to 4 September 2002, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Its goal was to hold a 10-year review of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development and to reinvigorate global commitment to sustainable development. Parthenium hysterophorus is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. In India, it is locally known as carrot grass, congress grass or Gajar Ghas. Answer : (b)

Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, is a bird sanctuary in the Mandya District of the state of Karnataka in India. It is the largest bird sanctuary in the state Answer : (d)

Causes of biodiversity losses: The accelerated rates of species extinctions that the world is facing now are largely due to human activities. There are four major causes (‘ The Evil Quartet’ is the sobriquet used to describe them) 1) Habitat loss and fragmentation 2) Over-exploitation 3) Alien species invasions 4) Co-extinctions Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Each biosphere reserve has: i) Core or Natural zone: No human activity is allowed. The area is undisturbed and legally protected ecosystem. ii) Buffer zone: It surrounds the core area. Limited human activity is allowed like resource use strategies research and education. iii) Transition zone: It is the outermost or peripheral part of biosphere reserve where an active cooperation is present between reserve management and local people for activities like settlements, cropping recreation, forestry and other economic uses without disturbing ecology. Transition zone has different parts like forestry, agriculture, tourism and restoration region. Restoration region is degraded area which is selected for restoration to near natural form. Answer : (b)

Nepenthes khasiana is an endangered tropical pitcher plant of the genus Nepenthes. It is the only Nepenthes species native to India. Answer : (c)

India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties of mango. Answer : (d)

Alpha diversity ( within community diversity): It is a species diversity. α – diversity is dependent upon species richness and evenness. There is a lot of competition, adjustments and inter relationships amongst members of the same community. Variations are limited. Answer : (d)

Endemic species are those plants and animals that exist only in one geographical region. Species can be endemic to large or small areas of the world. Answer : (a)

In in-situ conservation, the endangered species are protected in their natural habitat so that the entire ecosystem is protected. Country’s in situ conservation efforts are reflected in its biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and many sacred groves. Answer : (d)

A park in use for conservation purposes is known as a National park. It is basically a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Flora and fauna are provided immense protection in such areas. Currently, in India, we have 166 national parks. Answer : (c)

Antelope: Least concern Lion tailed macaque: Endangered Langur: Least concern Answer : (a)

Many species extinctions in the last 500 years (Steller’s sea cow, passenger pigeon) were due to overexploitation by humans. Invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchornia), cause decline or extinction of indigenous species. species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles. Among animals, insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group, making up more than 70 per cent of the total. Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was held in Johannesburg in 2002 to review progress since the Rio conference in 1992, and to agree a new global deal on sustainable development. Answer : (b)

The tiger reserves of India were set up in 1973 and are governed by Project Tiger, which is administrated by the National Tiger Conservation Authority. Until 2018, 50 protected areas have been designated tiger reserves. Answer : (a)

Endemic species are plant and animal species that are found in a particular geographical region and nowhere else in the world. Answer : (a)

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. Crtically endangered, endangered and vulnerable are three sub-categories of threatened species. Answer : (d)

Palamau tiger reserve: Jharkhand Bandipur tiger reserve: Karnataka Manas national park: Assam Corbett national park: Uttarakhand Answer : (c)

Gene Library. A gene library is a collection of single cells (usually bacteria), each of which has received a single segment of DNA usually carried by a plasmid, bacteriophage, or viral vector, the DNA segments having been derived from genomic DNA or cDNA Answer : (d)

The purpose of establishing several Biosphere Reserve, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in India to conserve and protect the endangered species. To maintain the ecological balance and also to give the shelter to the endemic species. Answer : (a)

Ranthambore National Park is a vast wildlife reserve near the town of Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan, northern India. Answer : (b)

Biological diversity can be defined as the vast array of species of micro-organisms, algae, fungi, plants, animals occurring on the earth either in the terrestrial or aquatic habitats and the ecological complexes of which they are a apart Answer : (b)