Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Allele from Parent 1;	Allele from Parent 2	Genotype of offspring	Blood type of offspring
I A	I A	I A I A	A
I A	I B	I A I B	AB
I A	i	I A i	A
I B	I A	I A I B	AB
I B	I B	I B I B	B
I B	i	I B i	B
i	i	i i	O

ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. The gene (I) has three alleles IA , IB and i. Option (c) statement is true. The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar while allele i does not produce any sugar. Because humans are diploid organisms,Option (b) statement is true. Each person possesses any two of the three I gene alleles. Option (d) statement is true. IA and IB are completely dominant over i, in other words when IA and i are present only IA expresses (because I does not produce any sugar), and when IB and i are present IB expresses. But when IA and IB are present together they both express their own types of sugars: this is because of co-dominance. Hence red blood cells have both A and B types of sugars.Option (a) statement is NOT true. Thus answer is (a) Since there are three different alleles, there are six different combinations of these three alleles that are possible, and therefore, a total of six different genotypes of the human ABO blood types. Table Showing the Genetic Basis of Blood Groups in Human Population is given as follows Answer : (c)

A combination of the Q wave, R wave and S wave, the “QRS complex” represents ventricular depolarization. Answer : (a)

Diastole is the part of a heart’s action during which it fills with blood it also called ventricular relaxation or ventricular repolarisation The T wave is a dome-shaped which indicates ventricular repolarisation ( ventricular relaxation) Answer : (d)

A decrease in T wave amplitude or inversion may indicate Coronary ischemia and may also precede the development of ST-segment elevation. Coronary ischemia, myocardial ischemia, or cardiac ischemia, is a medical term for a reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the coronary arteries. Answer : (a)

stroke volume = End diastolic volume - End systolic volume = 100 ml - 50 ml = 50 ml Cardiac output = Stroke volume × Heart rate 5000 ml = 50ml × Heart rate ∴Heart rate = 5000/50 = 100beats per minute Answer : (c)

Tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Bicuspid valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle There are two semilunar valves: Pulmonary valve - located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary orifice). pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta Answer : (a)

Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is eliminated (excreted) in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. a → iv; Gout occurs when urate crystals accumulate in join b → i Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid masses made of crystals.c → ii Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in kidneys (glomeruli). d → iii; Answer : (d)

important function of basophils is that they release the histamine in their granules during an allergic reaction or asthma attack. Neutrophils as the first line of immune defense against pathogens and they utilize various mechanisms to eliminate microbes include phagocytosis Lymphocytes are white blood cells uniform in appearance but varied in function and include T, B, and natural killer cells. These cells are responsible for antibody production, direct cell-mediated killing of virus-infected and tumor cells, and regulation of the immune response. Answer : (c)

Polycythemia is a chronic disorder characterized by increased red blood cell mass. The resultant hyperviscosity of the blood predisposes such patients to thrombosis. Answer : (b)

Oedema is a collection of fluid in the spaces between cells of the body. Fluid leaks out of damaged cells. The fluid cannot be simply drained with a needle.Lymphatic obstruction reduces the clearance of fluid and protein from the interstitial space, resulting in an increased amount of interstitial fluid with a relatively high protein concentration (lymphoedema). Answer : (b)

Type O is actually heterozygous OO, so if you cross it with AB, you can have either OA (A) or OB (B) children. Since the O is recessive, blood type will show the blood as type A or Type B, thus possible groups are A,B But O or AB is not possible Answer : (d)

The numeric difference between your systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called your pulse pressure. For example, if your resting blood pressure is 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), your pulse pressure is 40 - which is considered a normal and healthy pulse pressure. Answer : (c)

Monocyte: nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped and the cytoplasm is blue gray and has a foamy appearance. Neutrophil: nucleus has a complex, lobulated shape Eosinophil: nucleus with two lobes (bilobed) and cytoplasm filled with approximately 200 large granules. Lymphocytes and plasma cells: possess distinct circular nuclei that can occupy most of the volume of the cell. These are dense, dark-staining nuclei that can appear almost black. containing enzymes and proteins Answer : (c)

Serum is a clear, yellowish coloured fluid which is part of the blood. It does not contain white or red blood cells or a clotting factor. It is the blood plasma without the fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any extra substances such as drugs and microorganisms. Answer : (d)

Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Thrombocytopenia or low platelet count is a lower than normal number of platelets (less than 150,000 platelets per microliter) in the blood. Thus platelets are given to patient. Answer : (c)

Brain 750ml/min, Heart 250 ml/min, skeletal muscle, 750ml/min So far we have accounted for about 35% of the total systemic blood flow that comes out of the left side of the heart every minute when the body is at rest. The remaining blood flow mostly goes to the liver and gastrointestinal system (25%), the kidneys (20%), the fat (5%), the bones (5%), the skin (5%), and the lungs (2.5%). Answer : (c)

Thrombocyte: also called Platelets, are a component of blood whose function is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries. Platelets have no cell nucleus: they are fragments of cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow, and then enter the circulation. Types of WBC are as follows Answer : (b)

Option b) An artificial pacemaker sends out electrical impulses to mimic the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node (SA node), located in the right atrium. The SA node is a group of cells that generates electrical current. Option a) The malleus is a bone situated in the middle ear. An anvil is a block with a hard surface on which another object is struck Option c) Laucocytes has no meaning, if it would have been lucocyte the option “c” would have been correct Option d) Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding. Blood cancer :Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells Answer : (b)

If person have blood group AB then persons cells have both possible types of antigen for this system, so no blood that is infused (A, B, AB or O) will carry an antigen that the immune system will recognize as 'non-self', so the new cells will not be destroyed. The same is true for rhesus positive blood, in which the immune system will accept positive or negative cells. Answer : (c)

The vessels that supply blood to the diaphragm are the superior phrenic artery, the inferior phrenic artery, and the musculophrenic artery. Answer : (c)

Thromboplastin : is an enzyme released from damaged cells, especially platelets, which converts prothrombin to thrombin during the early stages of blood coagulation. Prothrombin: factor II a clotting factor; converted in the presence of thromboplastin and calcium ions) converted under the influence of prothrombinase, to thrombin. Fibrinogen : a soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin. Heparin: is a naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by basophils and mast cells. Thus coagulation process starts due to Thromboplastin Answer : (c)

diapedesis, is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages. Answer : (d)

Heparin: is a naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by basophils and mast cells. Thus coagulation process starts due to Thromboplastin Answer : (c)

1.Contraction of skeletal muscles. 2. Air pressure changes inside and outside thelungs during breathing 3. Contraction of breathing muscle during breathing(respiratory muscle) Answer : (d)

Homeostasis or homoeostasis: is the property of a system within the body of a living organism in which a variable, such as the concentration of a substance in solution is detected. Hypothalamus main function is Homeostasis, it is essential but it is part of brain not organ, question is about organ Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans: have various type of cells releases following hormones to control blood sugar Alpha cells: producing glucagon (20% of total islet cells) Beta cells: producing insulin and amylin (≈70%) Delta cells: producing somatostatin (<10%) PP cells (gamma cells): producing pancreatic polypeptide (<5%) Epsilon cells: producing ghrelin (<1%) Liver:One of the liver’s main roles in the body is controlling the amount of glucose circulating in the blood. By storing excess glucose as glycogen and creating new glucose from proteins and fat byproducts, the liver is able to maintain balanced glucose levels in your body at all times. Answer : (a)

The aortic arch, arch of the aorta or the transverse aortic arch is the part of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta. The arch travels backward, so that it ultimately runs to the left of the trachea. Right-sided aortic arch is a rare anatomical variant in which the aortic arch is on the right side rather than on the left. Only birds have Right aortic arch. Answer : (b)

Type	You can give blood to	You can receive blood from
A+	A+; AB+	A+; A-; O+; O-
O+	O+; A+; B+; AB+	O+, O-
B+	B+; AB+	B+; B-; O+; O-
AB+	AB+	Every one
A-	A+; A-, AB+; AB-	A-, O-
O-	Every one	O-
B-	B+, B-, AB+. AB-	B-, O-
AB-	AB+, AB-	AB-; A-; B-; O-

Answer : (c)

A pacemaker is a small device that's placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate or heart beat becomes rhythmic. Thus if pacemaker becomes non-functional then cardiac muscles do not undergo coordinated rhythmic movements. Answer : (c)