Aldosterone helps control your blood pressure by managing the balance of potassium and sodium in your body. Answer : (b)

With the exception of mammals, all vertebrate organisms have hemoglobin-containing cells in their blood and all of these red blood cells contain a nucleus. Answer : (b)

Coagulation also known as clotting. It potentially results in hemostasis. Antiserum B contains antibodies A. Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen. Answer : (b)

The hepatitis B virus is transmitted when blood, semen or another bodily fluid from an infected person enters the body of another individual. Venereal disease: A disease that is contracted and transmitted by sexual contact, caused by microorganisms that survive on the skin or mucus membranes, or that are transmitted via semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during intercourse. Answer : (a,d)

Leucocytes disintegrate in body fluid Liver represents the body’s major detoxification system. Answer : (c)

Electrical activity	Associated pattern
Atrial Depolarization	P wave
Delay at AV node	PR Segment
Ventricular depolarization/ventricular systole	QRS Complex
Ventricular Repolarization	T- wave
No electric activity	Isoelectric Line

Repolarization of the ventricles begins at the epicardial surface of the ventricles and progresses inwardly through the ventricular walls to the endocardial surface. The T Wave occurs during the last part of the ventricular systole Answer : (d)

The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker. The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium (the right upper chamber of the heart). The electrical impulses are generated there. The SA node is also called the sinus node. Answer : (d)

According to Bohr effect an increase in pH shifts the curve to the left. A left shift indicates increased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin allowing less oxygen to be available to the tissues Answer : (d)

The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2). Answer : (a)

Excitation of the heart arises in the pacemaker cells in the sino-atrial node (SA node) Excitation is carried from the SA node through the atria via Gap Junctions between cells. This wave of depolarization is responsible for causing the Atria to contract. AV node is the point of electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles. It has slow conduction velocity; this allows the atria time to contract before the signal reaches the ventricles and causes them to contract The Bundles of His and their branches, along with the Purkinje fibres, allow rapid spread of action potential to the ventricles. Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Atrial Systole :Atria in contraction AV valves are open blood to ventricles. Ventricular systole:Ventricles in contraction semilunar valves are open blood passing to arteries. Ventricular diastole :All heart muscle in relaxation all heart valves are closed blood returning to atria. Atrial diastole: All heart muscle in relaxation all heart valves are closed blood returns to atria. Answer : (a)

The myogenic mechanism is how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant. Answer : (a)

Sickle cell anemia (sickle cell disease) is a disorder of the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells). The abnormal hemoglobin causes distorted (sickled) red blood cells. The sickled red blood cells are fragile and prone to rupture. Answer : (a)

The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. Thus starts from capillary and ends in capillaries Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Open Circulation: An open circulatory system is a type of circulatory system in which nutrients and waste are moved through the body with the assistance of a fluid which flows freely through the body cavity, rather than being contained in veins. It is found in leeches (annelids), arthropods like prawns, crabs, insects, spiders. Most of the molluscs except cephalopods show open circulatory system. Answer : (d)

Superior mesenteric vein is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. It termination behind the neck of the pancreas. Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. They carry the blood filtered by the kidney. Answer : (c)

White Blood Cell Count: 4,500 - 11,000 (per cubic millimeter) Answer : (a)

Accelerin is obsolete term for what was once considered an intermediary product of coagulation but is no longer thought to exist. Hence Accelerin is called as hypothetical coagulating factor. Answer : (a)

The chordae tendineae, as their Latin name suggests, are tendinous cords found in the right and left ventricles of the heart are attached to valves, regulate opening of, valves prevent back flow of blood Answer : (a)

Epicardium: The inner layer of the pericardium, a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. pericardium is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. Answer : (a)

Venules range from 7μm to 1mm in diameter. Venule walls have three layers: An inner endothelium composed of squamous endothelial cells that act as a membrane, a middle layer of muscle and elastic tissue and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. Capillaries are much thinner than arteries and veins, because their walls are made up of only a single layer of endothelial cells, the flat cells that line all blood vessels The wall of an artery consists of three layers. The innermost layer, the tunica intima is simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a connective tissue basement membrane with elastic fibers. The middle layer, the tunica media, is primarily smooth muscle and is usually the thickest layer Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Scoliodon is fish have two chamber heart and deoxygenated flows through heart. Frog have three chamber heart and mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs in the ventricle. Rabbit and Pigeon have four chamber heart Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)