Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. For example, if resting blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg,pulse pressure is 40 mmHg. Answer : (b)

The prothrombinase in presence of Ca ions converts inactive plasma protein called prothrombin into active thrombin. Answer : (b)

stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Erythroblastosisfetalis is hemolytic anemia in the fetus ( Also called as erythroblastosis ) This condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby. It occurs when an Rh negative mother has a baby with Rh factor is positive Answer : (c)

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Erythroblastosisfoetalis is hemolytic anemia in the fetus ( Also called as erythroblastosis ) This condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby. It occurs when an Rh negative mother has a baby with Rh factor is positive Turner's syndrome a genetic defect in which affected women have only one X chromosome, causing developmental abnormalities and infertility. Sickle cell anaemia a severe hereditary form of anaemia in which a mutated form of haemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. Answer : (b)

Heparin a compound occurring in the liver and other tissues which inhibits blood coagulation. A sulphur-containing polysaccharide, it is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis. Fibrinogen a plasma protein that is produced in the liver and is converted into fibrin during blood clot formation. Albumin is the most present protein in the blood. It is made by the liver, but is also supplied by certain foods, mainly milk and eggs. Albumin Globulins are a group of proteins in the blood stream that help to regulate the circulatory system. Answer : (a)

Cardiac output is a term used that describes the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle. Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. Answer : (d)

Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary. Answer : (d)

A cockroach's heart has as many as 13 chambers, unlike the four in a human heart. As a result, failure of a single chamber in the former does not become life threatening unlike in the latter, Answer : (b)

Homozygous is a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes. It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait. And each person has two alleles and can be homozygous Rh+, heterozygous or homozygous Rh- . The Rh+ allele makes a cell surface antigen that appears on the red blood cells and the Rh- allele does not make this antigen. Therefore, Rh+ is dominant to Rh-. If you are Rh positive, you could be homozygous or heterozygous (+ + or + ). If you are Rh negative, you are homozygous recessive ( ). Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

If Rh-negative blood mixes with Rh-positive blood, Rh-negative blood will react to the Rh factor by making antibodies to destroy it. This immune system response is called Rh sensitization. But if Rh-negative woman get pregnant again with an Rh-positive baby, the antibodies already in motherr blood could attack the baby's red blood cells. Causes hemolytic anemia in the fetus called Erythroblastosisfoetalis Answer : (c)

Antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism. Sometimes antigens are part of the host itself in an autoimmune disease. Antigens are "targeted" by antibodies. Since Gropp ‘O’ don’t have any antigens , so no other group antibodies can attack blood group ‘O’ blood cells Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Blood buffer is whole blood,carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate ions that maintain the proper pH. Answer : (d)

There are several types of hemophilia. They are classified according to which clotting factor is deficient: Haemophilia A is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII Hemophilia B, the second most common type, is caused by insufficient clotting factor IX. Hemophilia C, in which signs and symptoms are often mild, is caused by insufficient clotting factor XI. Answer : (c)

The ratio of cells in normal blood is 600 RBCs for each white blood cell and 40 platelets. Answer : (c)

Conversion of poisonous ammonia to urea is one of the function of liver, thus blood leaving to heart have more Urea Answer : (d)

The second heart sound, or S2, forms the "dub" of "lub-dub" and is composed of components A2 (aortic valve closure) and P2 (pulmonary valve closure). It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole. Answer : (a)

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate Answer : (a)

.High blood pressure (HBP), also called hypertension, Answer : (c)

Phagocyte is a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic-cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Phagocytosis is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material. Answer : (d)

Sinu-auricular node (SA node) does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker Answer : (d)

The numeric difference between your systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called your pulse pressure. For example, if your resting blood pressure is 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), pulse pressure is 40 - which is considered a normal and healthy pulse pressure. Answer : (c)

Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis. Answer : (d)

Closed Circulatory system	Open Circulatory system
Blood flows in continued with vessels and sinus	Blood is not continued with vessels
Does not come into contact with tissue directly	Blood moves through body cavity haemocoel and it moves freely over the tissues
Rapid transport occurs	Slow transport
Greater control of the blood distribution is possible because it is within vessels	Little control of the distribution of blood occurs because it is not confined to vessels
Blood is under high pressure	Blood is under very low pressure
Blood flowing to an organ can be regulated by changing the diameter of blood vessels	Blood flow to an organ cannot be regulated
Blood is more pumped directly where it is needed	Blood is not taken where it is needed directly
More energy efficient	Less energy efficient

Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)