Answer:(d)

n the alveoli, where there is high pO2, low pCO2, lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature, the factors are all favourable for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin. whereas in the tissues, where low pO2, high pCO2, high H+ concentration and higher temperature exist, the conditions are favourable for dissociation of oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin Answer : (a)

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic cavity and lung volume. This creates a lower pressure within the lung than that of the atmosphere, causing air to be drawn into the lungs. Answer : (c)

2(C51H98O6) + 145O2 → 102CO2+ 98H2O + Energy Respiratory Quotient = Amount of CO released/Amount ofO consumed Respiratory Quotient = 102/145 = 0.7 Answer : (b)

With asthma, the airways in your lungs are often swollen or inflamed. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches bloodstream Answer : (c)

Tidal Volume (TV): 500 mL., Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 2500 mL to 3000 mL. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 1000 mL to 1100 mL Residual Volume (RV): 1100 mL to 1200 mL. Answer : (d)

Answer:(c)

The respiratory center (RC) is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The depth of inhalation depends on how fast the respiratory centre of the medulla stimulates the respiratory muscles. On increase of CO2 rate of respiration becomes fast thus option (a) false Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. A normal adult has a vital capacity between 3 and 5 litres. Expiratory reserve volume :the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation or in simple terms it is the additional air that is forcibly exhaled after exhalation of normal tidal volume. Its value in healthy adults is 1.0 litre in men and 0.7 litres in women. Thus option ‘b’ false approximately 300 million alveoli were found in human lungs option ‘c’ false Duringinspiration the diaphragm contracts downward, creating a vacuum that causes a rush of fresh air into the lungs option ‘d’ correct Answer : (d)

The arytenoid cartilage is a pair of pyramid-shaped pieces of cartilage found in the larynx (voice box), which are essential to the production of vocal sound. Answer : (a)

Carbohydrates converted to glucose by digestion and excess is stored in the form of glycogen .During starvation after the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve, and for the next 2–3 days, fatty acids are the principal metabolic fuel. when fatty acids are being broken down for energy, After several days of fasting, all cells in the body begin to break down protein. This releases amino acids into the bloodstream, which can be converted into glucose by the liver. Answer : (b)

The Adam's apple is actually a chunk of bony cartilage that surrounds the larynx, Answer : (c)

When you’re mountain climbing or high altitude, your body may not get enough oxygen. As at higher height about 8000ft.air becomes thinner and less oxygen-saturated. Or we can say partial pressure of oxygen decreases. Answer : (c)

Apnoea is temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep. Dyspnoea isdifficult or laboured breathing. eupnoeais normal relaxed breathing hyperpnoea is increased depth and rate of breathing Answer : (c)

Reason statement is false as Oxygen binds O2 to Fe of haemoglobin. Not O2- Answer : (c)

Asthma: A common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild to life-threatening. It is usually connected to allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity. (a) – (r) Emphysemais a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.Chronic( recurring) bronchitis often occurs with emphysema (b) – (p) During a Pneumonia infection, the alveoli of one or both lungs fill up with pus or fluid. This increases the labor of breathing, and thus gaseous exchange cannot occur as it normally would. Pus consists of a buildup of dead, white blood cells that form when the body's immune system responds to the infection. (c) – (q) Answer : (a)

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease where there is over-inflation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, causing a decrease in lung function, and often, breathlessness. The main cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including: Tobacco smoke, Marijuana smoke, Air pollution, Manufacturing fumes Answer : (b)

The right lung contains three lobes. The left lobe only has two. Because of the heart on the left side, the left lung only has two lobes to make more room for the heart to pump on that side. The right lung contains three lobes. Answer : (c)

Crustacean: an arthropod of the large, mainly aquatic group Crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle, breath through gills Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Oxygen debt: a temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise. Answer : (d)

Temperature affects the affinity, or binding strength, of hemoglobin for oxygen. Specifically, increased temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. As oxyhemoglobin is exposed to higher temperatures in the metabolizing tissues, affinity decreases and hemoglobin unloads oxygen. Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

The rib cage encloses protect heart and lungs. It provides a strong framework onto which the muscles of the shoulder girdle, chest, upper abdomen and back can attach. 12 thoracic vertebrae in the back form the bony cage for protection of heart , lungs vital organs. The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage, forming the front of the rib cage, and thus helps to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. Answer : (d)

Chloride shift (also known as the Hamburger shift or Hamburger phenomenon) is a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3−) and chloride (Cl−) across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs). Answer : (d)

diffusion is a movement of atoms or molecules from high concentrated ( or higher pressure) region to low concentration ( or lower pressure) region, no external source of energy is used respiratory surface, also known as the respiratory membrane, includes the alveolar epithelial cells as well as the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. Thus diffusing gas should have more pressure. Now when oxygen enters in the blood then pressure of oxygen must be more in blood than alveoli And CO2 moves out of blood, pressure of CO2 must be more in blood than alveoli. Tissues consume oxygen and produce CO2 and it is waste product of tissue. Concentration of CO2 is always more in tissue than blood Answer : (a)

Excretion : in living organisms and cells the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter. Digestion. (1) (physiology) The catabolic process in the digestive tract where ingested food is converted into simpler, soluble and diffusible substances (such as Glucose) that can be assimilated by the body. (2) (microbiology) The process of decomposing organic matter through microbial activity Respiration is the biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (the currency of energy in cells). Circulation the movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste products from all parts of the body Answer : (c)

A Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia are found in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract Answer : (c)

In insect to prevent its collapse under pressure, a thin, reinforcing "wire" of cuticle (the taenidia) winds spirally through the membranous wall to form a noncollapsible wall. In mammals: The trachea is surrounded by rings of hyaline cartilage; these rings are incomplete and C-shaped, except for the first ring, called the cricoid cartilage. There are fifteen to twenty rings in total, separated by narrow intervals. These reinforce the front and sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway. Or noncollapsible wall Answer : (b)

Although oxygen dissolves in blood, only a small amount of oxygen is transported this way. Only 2-3 percent (about 0.2 to 0.3 mL per 100mL) of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself. Most oxygen—97 -98 percent—is bound to a protein called hemoglobin (to form oxyhemoglobin) and carried to the tissues. Answer : (c)

Chloride shift the exchange of chloride and carbonate between the plasma and the erythrocytes that takes place when the blood gives up oxygen and receives carbon dioxide. It serves to maintain ionic equilibrium between the cell and surrounding fluid, is called Hamburger’s phenomenon Answer : (c)

Tidal Volume (TV)	0.5L
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)	2 to 3L
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)	1 to 1.1L
Residual Volume(RV)	1.1to 1.2L
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC) (ERV + RV)	2500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) [T.V. + I.R.V. + E.R.V.]	3.5 to 4.5L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) [RV+VC]	6000 mL
Minimal Volume (MV)	500 mL
inspiratory capacity (IC = IRV + VT)	6 L

Answer : (a)

The air is "thinner" at high altitudes meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules per volume of air or partial pressure of oxygen is less. To compensate for the decrease in oxygen, one of the body's hormones, erythropoietin (EPO), triggers the production of more red blood cells to aid in oxygen delivery to the musclesand increases the breathing rate Answer : (d)

Asphyxiation the state or process of being deprived of oxygen, which can result in unconsciousness or death; due to suffocationair is present in piece of lung, it will float in water. Answer : (b)

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: (i) dissolved in the plasma. (ii) Some carbon dioxide is transported as carbaminohemoglobin bound to proteins, particularly haemoglobin (iii) most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate. As blood flows through the tissues, carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells, where it is converted into bicarbonate Answer : (a)

Nasal hair filter the air, while nasal cavity make air worm and moist Answer : (b)

The tertiary bronchii branch into bronchioles, which have a diameter of 1mm or less, and the wall structure changes.The epithelium starts as a simple ciliated columnar epithelium and changes to simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium as the bronchioles decreases in size. Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy. Active transport the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. Osmosis a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one. diffusion is a movement of gaseous atoms or molecules from high concentrated ( or higher pressure) region to low concentration ( or lower pressure) region, no external source of energy is used respiratory surface, also known as the respiratory membrane, in which gases molecules are exchanged Answer : (d)

Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O2) at increased partial pressures. Answer : (c)

Intrapleural pressure (also called intrathoracic pressure) refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity. Normally, the pressure within the pleural cavity is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure, in what is known as negative pressure. As it is 4mmHg less than atmospheric pressure Answer : (b)

The contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes an elevation of the ribs (inspiratory breathing muscles) whereas both the internal and innermost intercostal muscles lower the ribs (expiratory breathing muscles). RBC’s transport Co2 also Healthy man inspire about 5 -6 litre of air per minute Answer : (c)

The frog has three respiratory surfaces on its body that it uses to exchange gas with the surroundings: the skin, in the lungs and on the lining of the mouth. While completely submerged all of the frog's respiration takes place through the skin. In most fish respiration takes place through gills. Whale, dolphin and Lungfish, however, possess one or two lungs. The labyrinth fish have developed a special organ that allows them to take advantage of the oxygen of the air, but is not a true lung. Leech and earthworm breathe through a gas exchange through their skin. This occurs using areas of the body cavity known as capillary beds. Gas exchange occurs between the capillary beds of the body surface and the environment. Oxygen is carried by the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which is dissolved in the fluid portion of the blood. Answer : (d)

Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart. Gas exchange occurs in the alveolus, where venous blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. Surface of Alveolus is of Squamous epithelium and blood capillaries have endothelium which permits passage of respiratory gases. Answer : (b)

Type II alveolar cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant. The surfactant reduces the surface tension at the air-alveolar surface which allows expansion of the terminal saccules Answer : (c)

A decrease in pH (increase in H+ ion concentration) shifts the standard curve to the right, while an increase shifts it to the left. Answer : (d)

The epiglottis moves back and forth to prevent the passage of food and liquids into the lungs. The usual upright position of the epiglottis allows air to flow into the lungs and the larynx. When you swallow, the epiglottis flattens backward to cover the entrance to your larynx and prevent food from entering the lungs and windpipe. The epiglottis returns to its usual position after swallowing. If movement of epiglottis is improper then food parties tries to enter windpipe which causes coughing Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Tidal Volume (TV)	0.5L
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)	2 to 3L
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)	1 to 1.1L
Residual Volume(RV)	1.1to 1.2L
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC) (ERV + RV)	2500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) [T.V. + I.R.V. + E.R.V.]	3.5 to 4.5L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) [RV+VC]	6000 mL
Minimal Volume (MV)	500 mL
inspiratory capacity (IC = IRV + VT)	6 L

Answer : (c)

Two fibro-elastic chord are the vocal cords, are attached to the arytenoid cartilages posteriorly and the thyroid cartilage anteriorly The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. Answer : (b)

The contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes an elevation of the ribs (inspiratory breathing muscles) whereas both the internal and innermost intercostal muscles lower the ribs (expiratory breathing muscles). Diaphragm contract during inspiration and relax during expiration Answer : (c)