Answer : (b)

Prawn uses gills to take oxygen out of the water to breathe Answer : (d)

40 mm Hg is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the cells of the body. Examination of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve reveals that, under resting conditions, only about 20 - 25% of hemoglobin molecules give up oxygen in the systemic capillaries. Answer : (d)

The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords or voice reeds, are composed of twin in foldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx Answer : (b)

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease where there is over-inflation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

Answer:(a)

Tidal Volume (TV)	0.5L
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)	2 to 3L
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)	1 to 1.1L
Residual Volume(RV)	1.1to 1.2L
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC) (ERV + RV)	2500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) [T.V. + I.R.V. + E.R.V.]	3.5 to 4.5L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) [RV+VC]	6000 mL
Minimal Volume (MV)	500 mL
inspiratory capacity (IC = IRV + VT)	6 L

Answer : (c)

Tissues do not stores oxygen, during strenuous exercise requirement of energy is high and oxygen is in short supply resulting in anaerobic respiration. Produce lactic acid Answer : (d)

mitochondria is not not present in Erythrocytes, (RBC) is devoted to carry O2 and CO2 in the body. It needs more space to hold the gase so that other cell organells should not present whithin it. In addition if mitochondria would present it would have consumed all O2 and hence could not transport O2 However Erythrocytes respire anaerobically. Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Carboxyhaemoglobin is formed in carbon monoxide poisoning and leads to oxygen deficiency in the body. Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Most oxygen, 98.5 percent, is bound to a protein called hemoglobin present in RBC and carried to the tissues Only 1.5 percent of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself. About 20 – 25% of CO2 is transported by the red blood cells as carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbon dioxide binds to the amino groups on the polypeptide chains of haemoglobin and forms a compound known as carbaminohaemoglobin. Answer : (d)

Inspiratory capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired following a normal tidal expiration. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume and the tidal volume (IC = IRV + VT) Expiratory reserve capacity–ERV The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled . It is sum of tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Expiratory capacity= TV+ERV Answer : (d)

About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as sodium bicarbonate. As CO2 diffuses into the blood plasma, a large part of it combines with water to form carbonic acid in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc enzyme that speeds up the formation of carbonic acid. This carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3–) and hydrogen ions (H+). Answer : (a)

Vital capacitythe greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath. Anatomic dead space is the total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the level of the terminal bronchioles, and is about 150 ml on the average in humans. Functional residual capacity the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration; it is the sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. Forced expiratory volume Forced expiratory volume (FEV) measures how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath Answer : (b)

Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL O2 per gram Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and is drawn further down into the abdominal cavity until it is flat. Answer : (a)

Carbaminohaemoglobin is a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. 20 to 25% of carbon dioxide is carried in blood this way, about 60% carried in blood as bicarbonate [HCO3-] and 10% carried as free CO2, in or plasma. Answer : (d)

The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation. Answer : (d)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by the SARS coronavirus. It is transmitted through close person-to-person contact. Answer : (b)

RBC don’t have mitochondria thus incapable of metabolising glucose to carbon dioxide aerobically Answer : (b)

Fetal hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is substantially greater than that of adult hemoglobin. Answer : (b)

The trachea is lined with a layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are glandular, modified simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways. Mucus lines the ciliated cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then the pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm. This self-clearing mechanism is termed mucociliary clearance. Answer provided by : Miss Anushka Answer : (c)

Residual volume of air the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration possible. If child is died after birth we would find residual volume of air Answer : (a)

Answer:(c)

Tidal volume is amount of air you move in and out during normal quiet breathing. Dead space is a portion of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange wasted ventilation. In case of young human adult, tidal volume is approximately 500 mL per inspiration or 7 mL/kg of body mass. Since Tidal volume is more in case of young man, dead space is proportionally more Answer : (d)

Emphysema a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness or Pulmonary disease Answer : (b)

Bicarbonate shift it is not recognized as process or shift, such shift take place during Chloride shift. Chloride shiftis a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3−) and chloride (Cl−) across the membrane Carbonation refers to two chemical processes involving the binding of carbon dioxide to substrates. Such as making soda water Hamburger phenomenon (chloride shift) It is the phenomenon of passing CI' into RBC and in return passing out of HCO3' into plasma from RBC. Its significance is to maintain ionic equilibrium. Answer : (c)

Larynx	Pharynx
Larynx is mainly an organ	pharynx is a set of regions
pharynx connects nasal airflow with trachea and food pathway from the oral cavity to the oesophagus	larynx mainly produces sound and passively stops food and other particles being entered into the respiratory system.
pharynx is a part of both digestive and respiratory systems.	Larynx is a part of the respiratory system
Larynx is made up of cartilages	pharynx is muscular
Larynx has voice chords	Don’t have voice chords

Answer : (a)

Determination of oxygen carried by haemoglobin is done by Partial pressure of oxygen Answer : (b)

In emphysema, the bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and continually swollen and clogged. This causes the alveoli to swell. These fragile air sacs burst and merge together. This damage to the alveoli makes it more difficult for the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide to take place.It is usually caused by cigarette smoking Answer : (b)

The epiglottis is at the base of our tongue. It’s made up of mostly cartilage. It works as a valve to prevent food and liquids from entering our windpipe when we eat and drink. Answer : (b)

At low partial pressures of oxygen, oxyhaemoglobin dissociate to form oxygen and haemoglobin. At high partial pressures of oxygen, haemoglobin binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. Answer : (a)

Asthma: A common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild to life-threatening. It is usually connected to allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity. The muscles surrounding your bronchial tubes are thin and smooth, and they allow air to flow easily. If you have a respiratory problem, such as asthma, these muscles can contract and narrow byflatteningof tracheal muscles and alveoli airway. When that happens, it’s called a bronchial spasm or Spasm of tracheal muscle (a) – (ii) Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs. Symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort. (b)-(iV) Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. (c) –(i) Emphysema is a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Chronic( recurring) bronchitis often occurs with emphysema (d) – (iii) Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream. Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

CO2 transport occurs fast within the red blood cell owing to the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, Assertion iscorrec .RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase and minute quantities of the same is present in the plasma too, Reason is wrong Answer : (c)

Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream. Answer : (b)

Anaerobic respiration produces an oxygen debt. This is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. The existence of an oxygen debt explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after exercise. Answer : (a)

As a general rule, the faster and deeper you breathe, the greater is the air exchange happening in your lungs. This means there is increase in the rate of oxygen uptake by blood and also of carbon dioxide wash-out. So if you breathe fast and deep, that will clear out maximum amount of carbon dioxide from your blood. Hence a decrease in blood CO2 concentration. Answer : (c)

Answer:(a)

‘b’ is false because approximately approximately 7% in the plasma.70% of carbon dioxide is transport as bicarbonates, 23% of carbon dioxide binds with hemoglobin as Hb-CO2 d is false because Oxyhaemoglobin is acidic Answer : (a)

One mole of glucose liberate about 680 kilocalories of energy (in Bomb calorimeter), Since formation of ATP involves number of steps such as formation of CO2 and water consumes about 300 kilocalories, remaining about 380 kilocalories of energy is conserved. Answer : (d)

Carbon dioxide is the most potent influence over respiration. High levels of carbon dioxide correspond with high levels of acid (low pH) and signal the need for more oxygen. Answer : (a)

The amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration. Emphasis on completeness of expiration. Or The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily moved in and out of the respiratory system is called Vital capacity (VC) VC = IRV + VT + ERV Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)