The amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration.Emphasis on completeness of expiration. Or The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily moved in and out of the respiratory system is called Vital capacity (VC) Total lung capacity the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration; also equals vital capacity plus residual volume. Answer : (d)

Asthma: A common lung disorder in which inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties that may range from mild to life-threatening. It is usually connected to allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity. The muscles surrounding your bronchial tubes are thin and smooth, and they allow air to flow easily. If you have a respiratory problem, such as asthma, these muscles can contract and narrow by flattening of tracheal muscles and alveoli air way. When that happens, it’s called a bronchial spasm or Spasm of tracheal muscle Answer : (c)

Body tissue in which the partial pressure of oxygen is less, the hemoglobin releases the oxygen into the tissue because the hemoglobin cannot maintain its full bound capacity of oxygen in the presence of lower oxygen partial pressures. Answer : (b)

When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and is drawn further down into the abdominal cavity until it is flat. Answer : (b)

Bohr Effect decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by an increase of carbon dioxide; the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is displaced to the right because of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lower pH Answer : (c)

When the blood starts to become too acidic and the supply of alkaline buffers in the blood is insufficient to neutralize this acidity, however, the blood automatically seeks out other ways to reach pH balance. Since calcium is a very alkalizing mineral, the body will start drawing calcium from the bones and teeth in an effort to balance the blood’s pH levels. Answer : (c)

Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals Answer : (c)

During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and becomes Dome-shaped, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out. Answer : (b)

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Answer : (c)

Excess oxygen also keeps our haemoglobin saturated to about 96% and act as reservoir To be used at any moment if the muscles require oxygen for performing some work. When such oxygen gets exhausted our breathing rate and heat beats increases for supply of more and more oxygen and glucose to muscles Answer : (c)

At higher altitude pressure is low and availability of oxygen in air decreases. The body compensates low oxygen availability by increasing red blood cell production, decreasing the binding affinity of haemoglobin and by increasing breathing rate. Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

A typical pair of human lungs contain about 700 million alveoli, producing 70m2 of surface area Answer : (b)

Dead space is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it remains in the conducting airways, or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. Answer : (a)

During expiration oxygen in dead space gets mixed with CO2 from alveolar air Answer : (b)

Increased in CO2 concentration in blood shall causeFaster and deeper breathing. Or amount of freely available oxygen. Answer : (a)

Answer:(d)

Bohr Effect decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by an increase of carbon dioxide; the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is displaced to the right because of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lower pH. Answer : (c)

Dead space is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it (1) remains in the conducting airways, or (2) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. tidal volume is of 500 ml, about 30% of this air is "wasted" in the sense that it does not participate in gas exchange about 150 ml Answer : (d)

An enzyme present in red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase, aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. CO2 enters red blood cells (RBC) where it combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) which is found in RBC's. Carbonic acid then dissociates to form bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Answer : (b)

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from where there is a large concentration to where there is a lower concentration. This movement is called diffusion. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli, into the blood in the capillaries. Similarly, carbon dioxide from the blood moves out of the capillaries into the alveoli Bohr Effect decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by an increase of carbon dioxide; the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is displaced to the right because of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lower pH. A rightward shift indicates that the hemoglobin under study has a decreased affinity for oxygen. Correct answer is Quick diffusion of O2 from blood Answer : (c)

Alveoli is a characteristic feature of mammalian lungs. The pulmonary alveoli form the terminal ends of the respiratory tree and from these the branches out the alveolar sacs and ducts which act as efficient sites for gaseous exchange. These air sacs provide the total surface area of about 75 m2 Besides the epithelial layer and extracellular matrix, these contain collagen and elastic fibers. which stretch as the alveoli are filled with air and spring back to expel carbon dioxide during exhalation. So, the correct answer is option d. Answer : (d)

Mollusca is invertebrate animals Haemocyanins are proteins that transport oxygen throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals. These metalloproteins contain two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2). They are second only to hemoglobin in frequency of use as an oxygen transport molecule. Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

The pleural membranes enclose a fluid-filled space surrounding the lungs. The membranes and associated fluid serve to protect the lungs and to provide lubrication. Answer : (c)

In anaerobic respiration of muscles, pyruvic acid is changed toLactic acid Answer : (d)

Polio is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. Answer : (c)

Approximate normal composition of alveolar air is 14% O2, 6% CO2, 80% N2 Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Tidal Volume (TV)	0.5L
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)	2 to 3L
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)	1 to 1.1L
Residual Volume(RV)	1.1to 1.2L
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC) (ERV + RV)	2500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) [T.V. + I.R.V. + E.R.V.]	3.5 to 4.5L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) [RV+VC]	6000 mL
Minimal Volume (MV)	500 mL
inspiratory capacity (IC = IRV + VT)	6 L

Answer : (b)

In healthy individuals the presence of elevated carbondioxide levels in the arterial blood is the stimulant that the Respiratory centre of brain responds to in order to signal the respiratory muscles to breathe. Answer : (b)

Visitor from plains , will have increased in size of RBS, but natives will have more RBC Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

Dead space makes alveolar ventilation less than pulmonary ventilation Answer : (b)

Tidal Volume (TV)	0.5L
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)	2 to 3L
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)	1 to 1.1L
Residual Volume(RV)	1.1to 1.2L
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC) (ERV + RV)	2500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) [T.V. + I.R.V. + E.R.V.]	3.5 to 4.5L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) [RV+VC]	6000 mL
Minimal Volume (MV)	500 mL
inspiratory capacity (IC = IRV + VT)	6 L

Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Air pollution exposure is thought to potentially cause asthma, asthma causes airway inflammation Answer:(d)

About 5-7% of all carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma. The remaining 93% diffuses into RBC (where 70% exist as bicarbonate ions and 23% binds to hemoglobin forming Hb-CO2). This affinity to RBC is explained by the abundance of carbonic anhydrase enzyme there. The latter one catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and H2O. Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Decrease in pH of blood increases dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin Answer : (b)

The frog has three respiratory surfaces on its body that it uses to exchange gas with the surroundings: the skin, in the lungs and on the lining of the mouth. While completely submerged all of the frog's respiration takes place through the skin. Answer : (b)

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the following reaction: H2O + CO2 ⇌ H+ + HCO32-- Answer : (c)

Answer : (a)

Congestion of lungs is pulmonary edema, is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the lungs, usually because the heart's left ventricle does not pump adequately. Heart Failure: It's a serious condition that starts when your heart doesn't pump as strongly as it should. When that happens, blood and fluid can back up in your lungs or Congestion of lungs Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia. Answer : (c)

0.3 ml of dissolved O2/100 ml of arterial blood + 20.4 ml of Hb-bound O2/100 ml of arterial blood = ~21 mL of O2/100 mL of arterial blood Answer : (d)

Location	pO2 (mmHg)
Alveoli	80-100 (PaO2)
Arterial blood	80-100 (PaO2)
Venous blood	40-50
Lung Capillaries	20-40
Ambient air	160

Answer : (d)

If the chest wall, is punctured, blood, air or both can enter the pleural space. Air/blood rushes into the space in order to equalise the pressure with that of the atmosphere. As a result, the fluid is disrupted and the two membranes no longer adhere to each other. When the rib cage moves out, it no longer pulls the lungs with it. Thus the lungs cannot expand, the pressure in the lungs never drops and no air is pulled into the bronchi. Respiration is not possible. The affected lung, which has a great deal of elastic tissue, shrivels in what is referred to as a collapsed lung. Thus the man dies as the lungs get collapsed Answer : (b)

A typical pair of human lungs contain about 700 million alveoli, producing 70m2 of surface area. Answer : (c)