Oxytocin and vasopressin are the only known hormones released by the human posterior pituitary gland Answer : (c)

T4 is converted to the active T3, three to four times more potent than T4 Answer : (c)

Thyrocalcitonin: A hormone, also called calcitonin opposes the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Answer : (d)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Correct

Answer : (c)

• Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus • Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of thyroxine can be associated with enlargement of thyroid gland called goitre • Deficiency of corticoids (Glucocorticoid + mineralocorticoid) leads to Addison's disease • Growth hormone hypersecretion in adults leads to Acromegaly Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (a)

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food. Answer : (c)

Myxoedema the more general condition associated with hypothyroidism, including weight gain, mental dullness, and sensitivity to cold. This dis¬ease is caused by hypo (decreased) activity of thy¬roid gland in adult. It is also caused by the hypo secretion of pituitary TSH. Answer : (a)

Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells Answer : (b)

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) a hormone produced in the cardiac atrium; it effect is increased excretion of water and sodium and alowering of blood pressure, which reduces the workload of the heart.a - q Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) : A pituitary gland hormone that causes darkening of the skin by increasing the production of melamine b-r Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)c- s Thyrocalcitonin(TCT) secreted by thyroid regulates the blood calcium levels. d- p Answer : (a)

Oedema means swelling The classic presentation of myxedema or Gull's Disease is swelling of the face, with firm skin Answer : (c)

The most common cause of Cretinism is Under-secretion of thyroxine/ hypothyroidism in child Answer : (b)

a. Pancreas – Delta cells of islets of Langerhans secrete a hormone insulin. Which controls it promotes the uptake and metabolism of glucose by the body’s cells. Incorrect match b. Thyroid - Under-secretion of thyroxine/ hypothyroidism in child. Incorrect match c. Thymus gland,. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells. Correct Match d.parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from large calcium stores in the bones into the bloodstream. This increases bone destruction and decreases the formation of new bone. But not movement of Ca2+ ions from blood to bone. Incorrect Match Answer : (c)

Decreased production of thyroxinecauses Cretinism and myxoedema Diabetes mellitus,cause due to less secretion of insulin or could not utilize or combination of both. Diabetes insipidus occurs when body can't regulate body fluids. Answer : (c)

thyroid gland produce thyroxine , thus injection of thyroxine will cause made to metamorphose Answer : (d)

In females, relaxin is produced mainly by the corpus luteum, The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries Answer : (d)

The word "hormone" was coined by the English physiologists Wm. M. Bayliss and Ernest H. Starling in connection with their discovery of secretin, the first hormone, in 1902. Answer : (a)

Thomas Addison is considered as 'The Father of Endocrinology'. Answer : (b)

Diabetes insipidus occurs when body can't regulate body fluids. Diabetes insipidus is due to hyposecretion of pituitary hormone, vasopressin Answer : (a)

Too much growth hormone (hypersecretion of GH/STH) can cause abnormal growth patterns called acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children Answer : (d)

actuate meaning is make (someone) act in a particular way; motivate. Hormone, organic substance secreted by plants and animals that functions in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining homeostasis. Hormones carry out their functions by evoking responses from specific organs or tissues that are adapted to react to minute quantities of them. Answer : (b)

Diabetes mellitus, cause due to less secretion of insulin or could not utilize or combination of both. Answer : (a)

Cretinism is due to absence or decreased function of thyroid. Match ‘a’ wrong Increased PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood. Match ‘b’ wrong The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar. Match ‘d’ wrong Match ‘c’ is correct Answer : (c)

There are 3 major classes of second messengers: 1. cyclic nucleotides (e.g., cAMP and cGMP) 2. inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) 3. calcium ions (Ca2+) cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP. Calcium ions (Ca2+) play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, inneurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Answer : (d)

The inner portion of the adrenal gland, known as the medulla, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, the hormones important in the "fight or flight" reaction to a threat or sudden stress. The medulla "emergency gland" develops from nervous tissue; the autonomic nervous system controls its secretions. Answer : (b)

Statement c is wrong as Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism Statement d is wrong as ADH tells your kidneys how much water to conserve.ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Adrenaline controls functions such as the heart rate, dilation of the pupils, and secretion of sweat and saliva. norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure, triggers the release of glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, reduces blood flow to the gastrointestinal system, and inhibits voiding of the bladder and gastrointestinal motility. Parathormone also called parathyroid hormone, substance produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium concentration. Thyroxinethyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones. Answer : (c)

Thyrocalcitonin: A hormone, also called calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland that lowers the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and promotes the formation of bone. Answer : (b)

LH in females ovulation, maintaining of corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone. Statement 1 and 2 correct Prolactin levels increase approximately ten-fold and stimulate milk formation. LH have no effect on Prolactin. Statement 3 wrong Androgen is secreted in male by LH. and quqestion is about female Statement 4 is wrong Answer : (b)

Brick red colour in Benedict’s test indicates large amount of reducing sugar in urine. A greenish precipitate indicates about 0.5 g% concentration; yellow precipitate indicates 1 g% concentration; orange indicates 1.5 g% and red indicates 2 g% or higher concentration. Answer : (d)

The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increase the contractions further. Answer : (c)

Myxoedema the more general condition associated with hypothyroidism or hyposecrtion of thyroid hormone, including weight gain, mental dullness, and sensitivity to cold. This dis-ease is caused by hypo (decreased) activity of thy¬roid gland in adult. It is also caused by the hyposecretion of pituitary TSH. Answer : (b)

Correct

Correct

Tyrosine through different metabolic pathways it produces thyroxine, adrenaline, melanin etc. Tyrosine : It aids in the production of melanin (the pigment responsible for skin and hair color) and in the functions of the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands. It is a precursor of adrenaline and the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine, which regulate mood and stimulate metabolism and the nervous system. Answer : (c)

Prolactin, also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk or mammary gland. Answer : (c)

Glucocorticoid are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system which reduces certain aspects of immune function, such as reduction of inflammation Glucocorticoid are prescribed for their immunosuppressive, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergenic effects and are integral to the management of numerous conditions, including malignancies, transplantation, autoimmune and allergic diseases. Answer : (a)

Adrenaline called noradrenaline (or norepinephrine), and the sympathetic nervous system control the "fight or flight" response in humans. This response is a set of rapid body changes that help us to either deal with an emergency or escape from the problem Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Growth hormone (GH), peptide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body, including bone. Answer : (d)

When a small dose of radioactive iodine I-131 (an isotope of iodine that emits radiation) is swallowed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and concentrated by the thyroid gland, where it begins destroying the gland's cells. Thus used for treatment of thyroid cancer Answer : (b)

Cholesterol is the precursor of the five major classes of steroid hormones: progestagens, glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgens, and estrogens Answer : (a)

Secretin primary role is to stimulate the pancreas to secrete digestive fluids that are rich in bicarbonate and neutralise the acids from the stomach as they pass into the small intestine. Answer : (c)

During human pregnancy, progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta. Answer : (b)