three pituitary (histochemocal) types of cells: basophils (10%), acidophils (40%), and chromophobes (50%) Answer : (d)

Alpha cells that produce glucagon and make up 15–20% of total islet cells. Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert its glycogen into glucose. Beta cells that produce insulin and amylin and make up 65–80% of the total islet cells. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating cells to take up glucose out of the blood stream. Amylin slows gastric emptying, preventing spikes in blood glucose levels. Delta cells that produce somatostatin and make up 3–10% of the total islet cells. Somatostatin is a hormone that suppresses the release of the other hormones made in the pancreas. Answer : (a)

The Leydig cells produce testosterone, which also is responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics of males. The primary function of estrogens is development of female secondary sexual characteristics. These includes breasts, endometrium, regulation of the menstrual cycle etc Answer : (d)

The hypothalamus sends signals to thepituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone production, thus Hypothalamus control pituitary gland Answer : (d)

Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after thegrowth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose Gigantism is a growth defect, similar to acromegaly, the difference between the two diseases being the period in which they occur: gigantism (or giantism) occurs during childhood and acromegaly appears in adulthood. Answer : (a)

In Addison's disease, adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well causes, low plasma Na+, high K+ and increased blood pressure Answer : (b)

Metamorphism in frogs is controlled by the hormone called thyroxine. The hormone produced by the gland called thyroid. For the production of thyroxine, thyroid gland needs iodine. Frogs need to live in water bodies where sufficient iodine is present for thyroxine production. Hence, deficiency of iodine can retard the growth of a larva to become an adult frog. Metamorphism in insects is also a result of hormonal activity in them. Answer : (c)

Reduction in vasopressin secretion in posterior pituitary causes person excessive urine and drinking much water but his glucose level is normal. Answer : (d)

Exophthalmic goiter is enlargement of the thyroid gland accompanied by exophthalmos, usually due to hyperthyroidism or Hyper-secretion of thyroxine Answer : (b)

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Gonadotropin This family of hormone includes the mammalian hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and placental/chorionic Answer : (d)

Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH) It is released from the posterior pituitary in response to hypertonicity and causes the kidneys to reabsorb solute-free water and return it to the circulation from the tubules of the nephron, thus returning the tonicity of the body fluids toward normal. An incidental consequence of this renal reabsorption of water is concentrated urine and reduced urine volume. AVP released in high concentrations may also raise blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. Answer : (b)

ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in blood. During summer large quantity of water is wasted as sweat Answer : (b)

Circulatory system and Excretory system have no role in coordination hence 2 and 4 is wrong Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin hormone involved in discharge of pancreatic juice Answer : (a)

Examples of steroid hormones are Testosterone, Aldosterone,Estrone,Progesterone,estradiol, androstenedione, Cortisol, human growth hormone (HGH), Triiodothyronine, Sex steroids, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estriol Vasopressin is a peptide hormone formed in the hypothalamus Answer : (d)

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes Goiter Answer : (b)

The basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH. Answer : (a)

The thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. T cells defend the body from potentially deadly pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi Answer : (b)

Diabetes insipidus is a lack of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), treatment is usually with a synthetic hormone called desmopressin. You can take desmopressin as a nasal spray, as oral tablets or by injection. Answer : (d)

Adrenaline is a "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Answer : (c)

Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. adrenergic relating to or denoting nerve cells in which adrenaline, noradrenaline, or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter Answer : (a)

Mineralocorticoid are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoid are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances. Answer : (b)

endocrine glands examples are hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid’s, adrenal glands.pineal body, reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes), pancreas. Salivary gland is not endocrine gland Answer : (b)

Thyroxine is thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones. Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Answer : (b)

Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other symptoms may include joint pain, thicker skin, deepening of the voice. Answer : (c)

Parafollicular cells(C cells) scattered throughout the thyroid gland synthesize, store, and secrete calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin). Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. Answer : (c)

Growth hormone (GH) or STH is secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Answer : (c)

Neurohypophysis the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus. Answer : (c)

Oxytocin and vasopressin are the only known hormones released by the human posterior pituitary gland. Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by islet cells within the pancreas FSH and LH is synthesized and secreted by pituitary gland, Adrenal Glands produce Epinephrine and norepinephrine Answer : (b)

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Correct

Enterogastrone are hormones that inhibit stomach processes (in this case, acid secretion) CCK, secretin, GLP-1, and GIPact as enterogastrone Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. Pancreozymi nIts presence causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively, and also acts as a hunger suppressant. Cholecystokinin plays a key role in facilitating digestion within the small intestine. It stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder Answer : (a)

Action of insulin was first demonstrated by Banting and Best . Banting and Macleod received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin. Answer : (a)

One of progesterone's most important functions is its role in thickening the lining of the uterus each month. The enriched endometrial lining is prepared to receive and nourish a fertilized egg. Answer : (d)

A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone. In other words, a particular cell is a target cell for a hormone if it contains functional receptors for that hormone, and cells which do not have such a receptor cannot be influenced directly by that hormone. Answer : (d)

Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a hypophysiotropic hormone produced by neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. TRH synthesizing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus project to the medial portion of the external layer of the median eminence. Following secretion at the median eminence, TRH travels to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system where it binds to the TRH receptor stimulating the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from thyrotropes and prolactin from lactotropes. The half-life of TRH in the blood is approximately 6 minutes. Answer : (a)

α cells of pancreas synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon essential for glycogenolysis which is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via phosphorolysis, by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. Answer : (a)

Corpus luteum – progesterone – Option a wrong Thyroid -: thyroxine - take iodine, found foods – Option b wrong Anterior pituitary secrete -growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus Option c wrong Option d is correct Answer : (d)

Adrenaline controls functions such as the heart rate, dilation of the pupils, and secretion of sweat and saliva. Answer : (c)

Three commonly known catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and dopamine. Catecholamines can serve as neurotransmitters, transferring signals from neuron to neuron, as well as hormones, which regulate physiological functions such as your heartbeat and breathing rate Answer : (a)

In girls, FSH and LH prompt the ovaries to begin producing the hormone estrogen, which causes a girl's body to mature and prepares her for menstruation. Answer : (a)

Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose Answer : (b)

The thyroid gland is the largest purely endocrine gland. It is located at the front of the neck above the top of the breastbone. It consists of two main lobes on either side of the trachea that are connected by a narrow band of tissue called the isthmus Answer : (b)

Pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans, are tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. Answer : (a)

Somatostatin is produced in the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by islet cells within the pancreas. Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

LH stimulates production of the sex hormones (androgens) by the interstitial or Leydig cells of the testes and therefore is also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH). Answer : (d)