Diabetes insipidus is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of water in the body. This imbalance leads to intense thirst even after drinking fluids (polydipsia), and excretion of large amounts of urine (polyuria). ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. Answer : (c)

The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes (GH); Lactotropes (PRL); gonadotropes (LH and FSH); corticotropes (ACTH) and thyrotropes (TSH). Answer : (d)

Thyroidectomies tadpole will metamorphose by administration of Thyroxine Answer : (b)

Correct

Myxedema or Gull's Disease is caused due to malfunction of the thyroid gland with a reduced ability to supply secretions necessary for metabolism due to degeneration, atrophy, and subsequent inactivity of the thyroid gland. Myxedema or Gull's Disease is found more in females than males. Answer : (a)

Adrenaline controls functions such as the heart rate, dilation of the pupils, and secretion of sweat and saliva. Answer : (c)

Ductless glands are called endocrine glands Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK stimulates contractions in the smooth muscle of the gallbladder. As well, CCK causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, allowing bile release into the duodenum Answer : (a)

Addison's disease is a condition caused by insufficient secretions of adrenal cortex hormones. Answer : (a)

Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates their contraction. In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child birth, and milk ejection from the mammary gland. Answer : (c)

At maturity, ovaries secrete estrogen, testosterone, inhibin, and progesterone Answer : (c)

Adrenal pituitary is unpaired glands The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, Answer : (a)

FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow. It also triggers the production of estrogen in the follicle. The rise in estrogen tells your pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and to start making more LH. The shift to LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation pituitary glands secrete follwing hormones Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth Hormone (GH) Alpha Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) Vasopressin. Oxytocin. Answer : (a)

The aldosterone hormone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland. The hormone acts mainly in the functional unit of the kidneys to aid in the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, water retention and to stabilize blood pressure Answer : (a)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to the level of calcium in the blood. When the calcium in our blood goes too low, the parathyroid glands make more PTH. Increased PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood Answer : (b)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to the level of calcium in the blood. When the calcium in our blood goes too low, the parathyroid glands make more PTH. Increased PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood. Answer : (a)

The thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. Answer : (b)

'immunity theory' of aging relates the disappearance of the thymus gland by late middle age in human beings to the process of aging. With the disappearance of the thymus gland, the defence of the body against germs and other foreign bodies decline and cells become increasingly susceptible to diseases. Answer : (a)

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. Answer : (b)

anterior pituitary also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)regulated by feedback mechanism Answer : (a)

Insulin and testosterone, have important roles as regulators of muscle protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy. Following exercise, insulin has only a permissive role on muscle protein synthesis, but it appears to inhibit the increase in muscle protein breakdown. Answer : (b)

Tetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium Answer : (d)

The anterior lobe of pituitary releases hormones upon receiving releasing or inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ;Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Growth hormone (GH); Luteinizing hormone (LH); Prolactin; Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Answer : (d)

If a hormone is amino acid-derived, its chemical name will end in “-ine”. Examples of amino acid-derived hormones include epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal glands, and thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland. Steroid hormones (ending in ‘-ol’ or ‘-one’) include Progesterone ,estradiol, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol. Answer : (b)

Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin or human growth hormone, peptide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. In the anterior pituitary, the term "acidophil" is used to describe two different types of cells: somatotrophs, which generate somatotropin (also known as growth hormone; a protein hormone). mammotrophs, which generate prolactin (a protein hormone) Acidophilic α-cells : mammotroph, which generate prolactin (a protein hormone). Acidophilic β-cells produce somatotrophs, which generate somatotropin (also known as growth hormone; a protein hormone). Basophilic cells produces ACTH, FSH, LH and hCG, TSH Answer : (b)

A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a "nurse" cell of the testicles that is part of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis; that is, the production of sperm. It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the adenohypophysis, and has FSH receptor on its membranes Answer : (b)

Iodine is present in the secretion of thyroid/thyroxine Answer : (b)

The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increase the contractions further. Answer : (a)

In humans, thymic involution (shrinking) begins following puberty and by the time we're 50, pretty much all the epithelial cells and thymocyte have been replaced with fat Answer : (a)

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which is a steroid hormone responsible for the decidualization of the endometrium (its development) and maintenance, respectively Answer : (b)

Parathormone is parathyroid hormone. Tetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium Answer : (c)

Endemic goiter is a type of goiter that is associated with dietary iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency can lead to enlargement of the thyroid (Endemic goiter) Answer : (c)

Follicle stimulating hormone is one of the hormones essential to pubertal development and the function of women's ovaries and men's testes. Answer : (d)

Goiter is pathologically associated with Thyroxine Answer : (c)

Iodine deficiency of Frog will lead to inhibition of metamorphosis. Metamorphism in frogs is controlled by the hormone called thyroxine. Iodine deficiency affect thyroxine Answer : (b)

placental hormones are Progestin, Estrogens, Human Chorionic gonadotropin, Placental lactogen, Relaxin Answer : (d)

kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). Or activating Answer : (a)

Alpha cells producing glucagon (hormone ,20% of total islet cells) Beta cells producing insulin and amylin (hormone≈70%) Delta cells producing somatostatin (<10%). Pancreases produce peptide hormone Answer : (c)

Ovulation in humans is controlled by FSH and LH Answer : (b)

Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocytes stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. Answer : (b)

Hormones of the Placenta: Estrogen, Progesterone &hCG Answer : (a, c)

The excess PTH secreted from the parathyroid tumor causes calcium to leave the bones and go into the blood. The bones become osteoporotic and prone to fractures Answer : (d)

cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. Answer : (b)

Receptors for protein hormones are found on cell surface Answer : (b)

Relaxin a hormone secreted by the placenta that causes the cervix to dilate and prepares the uterus for the action of oxytocin during labour. overproduction of growth hormone that brings about gigantism. Prolactin is mainly used to help women produce milk after childbirth. Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone. Insulin regulates how the body uses and stores glucose and fat. Diabetes insipidus can be caused by low or absent secretion of the water-balance hormone vasopressin Tetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium Answer : (c)

Dwarfism is due to Hyposecretion of GH during childhood Answer : (b)

Steroid hormones have an effect Slow and long lasting. steroid must diffuse through the membrane and act on a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus of the target cell. Fast acting hormones include many of the protein hormones that bind to membrane-bound receptors. Cortisol, testosterone Answer : (d)

Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH). Answer : (d)

Testosterone, estrogens, and cortisol are examples of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones act on cells by passing through the cell membrane, entering the nucleus, binding to DNA, and initiating gene transcription and protein production Answer : (d)

The liver is essentially an exocrine gland, secreting bile into the intestine. But, the liver is also, significantly so , an endocrine gland and a blood filter. The liver has a diversity of functions not typically associated with glands (i) formation and secretion of bile. (ii) storage of glycogen, buffer for blood glucose. (iii) synthesis of urea. (iv) metabolism of cholesterol and fat. (v) synthesis and endocrine secretion of many plasma proteins, including clotting factors. (vi) detoxification of many drugs and other poisons. (vii) cleansing of bacteria from blood. (viii) processing of several steroid hormones and vitamin D. (ix) volume reservoir for blood. (x) catabolism of hemoglobin from worn-out red blood cells. Answer : (a)