Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain Answer : (d)

Corpora arenacea (or brain sand or acervuli or corpus arenaceum) are calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus. Answer : (b)

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble , thus passes through plasma membrane by diffusion Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

Insulin helps the body's cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and providing the cells with the glucose they need for energy. Answer : (d)

A woman many develop beard and moustaches due to increase in the level of male hormones or androgens, which are produced by adrenal cortex Answer : (a)

Correct

When the calcium level is high in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin. Calcitonin slows down the activity of the osteoclasts found in bone. This decreases blood calcium levels. When calcium levels decrease, this stimulates the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone. regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too low Answer : (d)

Cretinism is due to a diet deficient in iodine the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency. Answer : (b)

Spermatogenesis can be initiated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. Answer : (a)

Glucagon injection is an emergency medicine used to treat severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in diabetes patients treated with insulin who have passed out or cannot take some form of sugar by mouth. Answer : (c)

Chromium is claimed to be an essential element involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels within the body. It is believed to interact with the low-molecular weight chromium (LMWCr) binding substance to amplify the action of insulin. Answer : (c)

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The names of this hormone directly guide you to what its physiologic effects are: vascular smooth muscle contraction (vasopression) and retention of water by the kidneys (ADH). Answer : (a)

Hormone oxytocin controls Lactation , Child birth Answer : (d)

Enzyme is catalyst, are proteins , enzymes react at the place of origin. Enzymes are not trans located from one part to other part of cell, enzymes are biological catalyst, enzyme remains unchanged at the end of reaction. Enzymes can be reutilized. Hormones are not catalyst, are polypeptides, terpenoids, steroids, phenolic compounds or amines, act at the distant site from the site of origin, most of the hormones show translocation, hormones only initiate the reaction, hormones go in the change of chemical composition. Enzyme can not be reutilize Answer : (c)

An androgen is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone, they are 1. Testosterone produced by the gonads (by the Leydig cells in testes in men and by the ovaries in women), although small quantities are also produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes 2. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol. 3.Androstenedione (A4) is an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. 4.Androstenediol (A5) is produced by adrenal glands and the gonads. 5.Androsterone is a chemical byproduct created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived from progesterone, produced by adrenal cortex 6.Dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It is produced in the skin and reproductive tissue Answer : (d)

Cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of therenin–angiotensin system which controls water and electrolyte balance Answer : (a)

Failure of release of ADH causes Diabetes insipidus Answer : (a)

The thyroid gland secretes three hormones : thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine are iodinated forms of the amino acid tyrosine. They are stored in the colloid that fills the follicles, and are released to the blood when needed. The storage occurs in an unusual place, the extracellular colloid. Answer : (d)

Thyroxine is a tyrosine-based hormones Answer : (b)

Spermatogenesis initiated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. Answer : (d)

Oxytocin Milk ejection Answer : (b)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-basecode “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. From above GH controls growth through mRNA Answer : (c)

Exophthalmic goiter symptoms are Protrusion of eye, Increased heart beat, Nervousness Answer : (d)

The thyroid hormone with its essential iodine constituent is responsible for the control of metabolism and also for metamorphosis, Answer : (b)

Graver’s disease which may assist in causing goiter Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland controls thyroid Iodine deficiency causes Goiter Exogenous hyperthyroidism is the term used to describe hyperthyroidism caused by ingestion of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone Answer : (d)

Mineral ocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that influence salt and water balance. Functions Of Mineral ocorticoids 90% of mineralocorticoid activity is provided by aldosterone Answer : (a)

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, by the thyroid gland. Answer : (a)

Insulin receptor is a tetrameric protein Answer : (a)

Myxoedema A disease caused by decreased activity of the thyroid gland (Hypothyroidism) in adults and characterized by dry skin, swellings around the lips and nose. Osteitisfibrosacystica is serious a medical condition that results from hyperparathyroidism. Osteitisfibrosacystica is a skeletal disorder resulting in a loss of bone mass Answer : (c)

Acromegaly is due to hyper-secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis ) Answer : (b)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH) Normally, TSH increases the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland and increases production of thyroid hormone. Answer : (b)

Both acromegaly and gigantism are caused by a typically benign tumor or adenoma in the pituitary gland. Answer : (d)

ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood Answer : (d)

The pineal gland also plays a role in the regulation of female hormone levels, and it may affect fertility and the menstrual cycle Option a wrong match Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Option b wrong match Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in thekidney. Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH). Option c wrong match Cholecystokinin – Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. Option d correct match Answer : (d)

Glucagon produced by the alpha cells, found in the islets of langerhans, in the pancreas Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the zonaglomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. cortisone is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain Answer : (d)

Oxytocin During labor,oxytocin increases uterine motility, causing contractions in the muscles of the uterus, or womb. Adrenaline causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. Noradrenaline normally produces effects such as increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, widening of pupils, widening of air passages in the lungs and narrowing of blood vessels in non-essential organs. Thyroid hormones increases heart rate, cardiac contractility and cardiac output. They also promote vasodilation, which leads to enhanced blood flow to many organs. Answer : (a)

Secondary sexual characters in males develop under the influence of Testosterone Answer : (b)

Thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones. Answer : (d)

The pineal gland or epiphysis synthesizes and secretes melatonin has the ability to entrain biological rhythms and has important effects on reproductive function of many animals. Answer : (c)

Melatonin also has antioxidant properties, and may have an important anti-aging role Answer : (b)

Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone. This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), Answer : (a)

The diencephalon is the region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to anterior forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland, and pineal gland. Answer : (a)

In the pancreas, somatostatin is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans, where it serves to block the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from adjacent cells. Answer : (c)

The ADH and oxytocin hormone are both stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland. Answer : (a)

Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) Answer : (b)

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is largely made of nerve fibers, with supportive astrocytic glial cells, called pituicytes Answer : (d)

The pancreas is a dual-function gland, having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands. Endocrine: The part of the pancreas with endocrine function is made up of cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. They play an imperative role in glucose metabolism and regulation of blood glucose concentration. Exocrine: pancreas also functions as an exocrine gland that assists the digestive system. It secretes pancreatic fluid that contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats) in the chyme. Answer : (d)

Oxytocin, ADH, Insulin are peptide hormone. The prostaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds Answer : (b)

When the blood calcium level is too low, PTH is released to bring the calcium level back up to normal. When the calcium level is normal or gets a little too high, normal parathyroid will stop releasing PTH. Proper calcium balance is crucial to the normal functioning of the heart, nervous system, kidneys, and bones. Answer : (b)