Disorders of cortisol produce Cushing's syndrome or hypercortisolism: Excessive levels of cortisol in the blood. Hypocortisolism: Insufficient levels of cortisol in the blood. Addison's disease arises from problems with the adrenal gland such that not enough of the steroid hormone cortisol. Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism Answer : (a)

The mineralocorticoid get their name from their effect on mineral metabolism. Aldosterone is produced in the zonaglomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland and its secretion is mediated principally by angiotensin II but also by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and local potassium levels. Answer : (d)

Tyrosine is an amino acid that is a precursor of several neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, hormones thyroxine, and melanin Answer : (a)

The hormones calcitriol, calcitonin and parathyroid regulate body calcium. Hormones that modify the renal handling of phosphate are parathyroid hormone, thyroid hormone, growth hormone, glucocorticoid and vitamin D. In contrast to calcium, the kidney plays an important role in the maintenance of phosphate balance. Answer : (b)

Juvenile diabetes mellitus is due to, the body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells in the pancreas. The primary function of a beta cell is to store and release insulin Answer : (a)

Thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland, and its mainly important because it stimulates the development of T lymphocytes. beta cells (B cells) produce insulin to suppresses the release of glucagon Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH binds with specific receptors over ovarian cell membrane . Option ‘c’ is correct. In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production. In men, follicle stimulating hormone acts on the Sertoli cells of the testes to stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis). Answer : (c)

Parafollicular cell. Parafollicular cells (also called C cells) are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid which primary function is to secrete calcitonin. They are located adjacent to the thyroid follicles and reside in the connective tissue. Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a form of thyroidcarcinoma which originates from the parafollicular cells (C cells), Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common type of thyroid cancer Invasion into vascular structures (veins and arteries) within the thyroid gland is common. Papillary thyroid cancer is also be called “papillary thyroid carcinoma” since carcinoma implies a certain type of cancer. Papillary carcinoma typically arises as a solid, irregular or cystic mass that comes from otherwise normal thyroid tissue. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a form of thyroid cancer which has a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to cancer treatments. Anaplastic tumors have a high mitotic rate and lymphovascular invasion.[2] They rapidly invade surrounding tissues (such as the trachea) Answer : (b)

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney. Answer : (b)

Simmonds' disease or pituitary cachexia is a syndrome ascribed to destruction or physiological exhaustion of the anterior lobe of pituitary. Answer : (d)

The pancreas is a gland with both endocrine (insulin production) and exocrine (production of digestive enzymes) functions Answer : (d)

Answer : (a)

The anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis ) secretes six hormones. In this lesson, you will learn the functions of the hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropichormone (ACTH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Answer : (d)

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland's secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. In addition, somatostatin is produced in the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as insulin and glucagon. The diencephalon of the brain consists of structures that are on either side of the third ventricle, and includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus and the subthalamus. Answer : (d)

FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body Answer : (b)

In human adult females, oxytocin, causes strong uterine contractions during parturition Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Insulin regulates how the body uses and stores glucose and fat. Many of the body’s cells rely on insulin to take glucose from the blood for energy. Option a, c and d are function of Insulin Phosphorylase a is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers Answer : (b)

Thyroid hormones stimulate diverse metabolic activities most tissues, leading to an increase in basal metabolic rate. Answer : (a)

Low estrogen levels in women (which may occur in menopause or with early surgical removal of both ovaries) cause Osteoporosis Answer : (c)

Ovarian hormones are usually Steroids Answer : (c)

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is largely made of nerve fibers, with supportive astrocytes glial cells, called pituicytes. This lobe was formed by the expansion of the fiber tract containing axons from neurons in the hypothalamus. Their main role is to assist in the storage and release of hormones of the posterior pituitary. The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone production Answer : (c)

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland's secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. In addition, somatostatin is produced in the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Answer : (c)

Hormone is Chemical messenger Answer : (b)

Cretinism is due to a diet deficient in iodine. Goitre is caused by deficiency of iodine in diet. Iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroxine. Toxic agents present in food interfere with thyroxine synthesis and lead to goitre. Main cause of thyrotoxicosis is hyperthyroidism, which is an overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in it producing excess levels of thyroid hormones. If the hyperthyroidism is due to an autoimmunecause, it is called Graves' disease. Toxic goiter is due to hyperthyroidism Answer : (b)

In emergency, blood pressure is controlled by Adrenal Answer : (b)

Placental hormone are Estrogen, Progesterone and hCG Answer : (d)

Effect of vitamin D is to facilitate absorption of calcium from the small intestine. In concert with parathyroid hormone, Answer : (b)

Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors typically cytoplasmic or nuclear and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which lead to changes in gene expression over a time period of hours to days. Answer : (d)

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. involved in the regulation of systemic blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells. Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin on a protein called angiotensinogen, which is formed by the liver. Angiotensin I is transformed into angiotensin II in the blood by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). aldosterone in the zonaglomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system. Five classes of steroid hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progestin, androgens, and estrogens. Answer : (d)

The corpus luteum is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which is a steroid hormone responsible for the decidualization of the endometrium (its development) and maintenance, respectively Answer : (c)

Graves’ disease is due to Hyperactivity of thyroid Answer : (c)

Prolactin, also called luteotropic hormone (LTH) or luteotropin, a protein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis ) of mammals that acts with other hormones to initiate secretion of milk by the mammary glands. Answer : (b)

Substances formed at one place and expressing effect at a distant place are called Hormones Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum. Enterocrinin is secreted from the duodenum in response to the arrival of chyme from the stomach. Answer : (a)

Iodine taken in diet is stored in Thyroid cells Answer : (d)

Adrenal cortex hormones are considered steroid hormones because of the shared characteristic of a cholesterol backbone. Answer : (c)

Pituitary deficiency Symptoms ACTH deficiency: Symptoms include fatigue, low blood pressure, weight loss, weakness, depression, nausea, or vomiting. TSH deficiency: Symptoms include constipation, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, decreased energy, and muscle weakness or aching Answer : (c)

Adrenaline accelerates heart due to stimulation of adrenal medulla by sympathetic nerves Answer : (a)

The neurohormone in most mammals include oxytocin and vasopressin, both of which are produced in the hypothalamic region of the brain and secreted into the blood by the neurohypophysis (part of the pituitary gland). A second group of neurohormone, called releasing hormones, also originates in the hypothalamus. The members of this group, however, are transmitted within the neural cells to a second locus in the brain, from which they pass in the bloodstream to the adenohypophysis, which also is a part of the pituitary gland. There they either stimulate or inhibit the release of the various adenohypophysial hormones. A third group of neurohormone includes the enkephalins and other endorphins. The endorphins are effective in relieving pain, a property apparently related to their function as neurotransmitters, passing nerve impulses from one neuron to another. Their neurohormonal activity is manifested by their stimulation of the secretion of somatotropin and vasopressin by an indirect process involving a site (other than the secretory neuron) in the central nervous system. Answer : (a)

Hypokalemia is caused by deficiency of Potassium mineral Answer : (c)

The function of the thymus gland is to generate mature T lymphocytes (white blood cels that help the immune system fight off illness). Answer : (b)

Myxedema coma is a loss of brain function as a result of severe, longstanding low level of thyroid hormone in the blood (hypothyroidism). Answer : (c)

second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, DAG, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, IP3 and calcium Answer : (d)

Cortisol , Estrogen is a steroid hormone,. Thyroxine/insulin are amino acid-derived hormone Answer : (b)

hypophysis is another name of pituitary Answer : (d)

The glands of the endocrine system are: Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes Answer : (c)

Continued secretion of milk is maintained by Prolactin Answer : (a)

Laminaria is a species of brown algae. Laminaria is a main source of the rare element, iodine, which is commonly used to promote thyroid health Answer : (a)

Deficiency of parathormone results in abnormally low calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). Answer : (b)

Conn's syndrome, is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels. Answer : (b)