ADH acts on receptors in the basolateral membrane of cells in the cortical and medullary collecting tubules and not on the apical (or luminal) membrane. Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in organs that are specialized for secretion, such as salivary glands and thyroid follicles, and those that are specialized for diffusion, such as the kidney tubules. Answer : (b)

In vertebrates, melatonin is produced in darkness, thus usually at night, by the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the center of the brain but outside the blood–brain barrier. Answer : (b)

Glucagon and insulin are both secreted in response to blood sugar levels, but in opposite fashion. Insulin is normally secreted by the beta cells (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas. Glucagon produced by the alpha cells, found in the islets of langerhans, in the pancreas, Answer : (c)

In Goiter, Thyroid glands make too much or too little thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones affect your metabolism rate, which means how fast or slow your brain, heart, muscles, liver, and other parts of your body work Answer : (c)

Male hormone is Testosterone Answer : (d)

thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells Answer : (c)

Calcitonin reduces calcium levels in the blood . Statement ‘b’ is wrong Answer : (b)

The endostyle corresponds to the thyroid in vertebrates, since it seems to produce iodinated, tyrosine molecules, Answer : (b)

Herring bodies or neurosecretory bodies are structures found in the posterior pituitary(or neurohypophysis) Answer : (b)

The pituitary gland and hypothalamus both controlthe thyroid. The secretion of sex hormones by the gonads is under the control of pituitary gland hormones. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland controls Adrenal Cortex Hormones The adrenal medulla does not perform any vital functions. That is, you don’t need it to live. But that hardly means the adrenal medulla is useless. The hormones of the adrenal medulla are released after the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, which occurs when you’re stressed Answer : (d)

In Addison's disease, adrenal glands produce too little Corticoids Answer : (d)

Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. Acute rise of LH ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell–stimulatinghormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. FSH: In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production. In men, follicle stimulating hormone acts on the Sertoli cells of the testes to stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis). Adrenaline is carried in the bloodstream and affects the autonomous nervous system, which controls functions such as the heart rate, dilation of the pupils, and secretion of sweat andsaliva. Answer : (d)

Polypeptides (peptides and protein) are derived from chains of amino acids if varying length Small peptides: 3 amino acids: TRH 9 amino acids: oxytocin and vasopressin Large peptides: 29 amino acids: glucagon 32 amino acids: calcitonin 39 amino acids: adrenocorticotropic hormone Protein: 52 amino acids (2 chains): insulin 191 amino acids: human growth hormone Answer : (d)

The parathyroids produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH).Parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels and have no effect on metabolism. Answer : (b)

ADH is also called arginine vasopressin Calcitonin and oxytocin are peptide hormone Answer : (d)

Hyperkalemia is the medical term that describes a potassium level in blood that's higher than normal. Answer : (b)

Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are biogenetic amine synthesized from Tyrosine Answer : (b)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin) is a placental hormone initially secreted by cells (syncitiotrophoblasts) Answer : (c)

Melatonin Hormone regulating diurnal rhythm/sleep wake cycle Answer : (c)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

Liver both stores and manufactures glucose depending upon the body’s need. The need to store or release glucose is primarily signaled by the hormones insulin and glucagon Answer : (a)

Pheromones a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behaviour or physiology of others of its species. Pheromones are Chemicals used in animal communication Answer : (c)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin) is a placental hormone initially secreted by cells (syncitiotrophoblasts) from the implanting conceptus during week 2, supporting the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn supports the endometrial lining and therefore maintains pregnancy. Answer : (d)

Pituitary gland is crushed and injected in Frog will cause ovulation. Frog will start laying eggs almost immediately Answer : (a)

luteinising hormone( LH) stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone Answer : (a)

Pancreatic glucagon,the hyperglycemic hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, promotes glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis. Several abnormalities of glucagon secretion have been described in diabetes mellitus Answer : (a)

Anterior pituitary secrete. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Melanocytes-stimulating hormone (MSH). ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It's a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Answer : (a)

Addison’s disease in which immune system views the adrenal cortex as foreign, something to attack and destroy. a - iii Tetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium. b – iv Acromegaly is typically due to the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone. c – i Myxoedema is swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of patients with underactive thyroid glands. d – ii Answer : (c)

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. While other are produce in response Answer : (c)

Cholecystokinin is Gastrointestinal hormone Answer : (d)

Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Glucocorticoid its role in regulation of glucose metabolism, Somatotropin It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body, including bone. Follitropin : regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. Answer : (a)

Ovulation is stimulated by LH Answer : (a)

Glucocorticoidone is to interrupt inflammation by moving into cells and suppressing the proteins that go on to promote inflammation rheumatoid arthritis and tissue inflammation Answer : (b)

During early pregnancy progesterone is secreted by Corpus luteum Answer : (a)

Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone [hGH or HGH] in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. Answer : (c)

Kupffer cells (KC) located in the liver, main function is phagocytosis and defense of the liver against bacteria, endotoxaemia and viral infections and not involved in endocrine secretion Answer : (d)

Hormone responsible for ovulation and development of corpus luteum is LH Answer : (b)

Thyroxine acts on every organ except Thyroid Answer : (c)

Deoxycorticosterone is precursor to aldosterone. aldosterone.aid in the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, water retention and to stabilize blood pressure. Answer : (d)

PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. Parathormone induces Increase in serum calcium Answer : (b)

Gonadotropic hormones are LH and FSH Answer : (c)

Cushing’s syndrome that results from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex; characterized by obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness Answer : (d)

Hyperthyroidism symptoms: Whole body: excess sweating, excessive hunger, fatigue, or heat intolerance Behavioural: hyperactivity, irritability, or restlessness Mood: mood swings, nervousness, or panic attack Heart: abnormal heart rhythm, fast heart rate, or palpitations Sleep: difficulty falling asleep or insomnia Menstrual: irregular menstruation or short and light menstruation Eyes: abnormal protrusion of eyes or puffy eyes Also common: weight loss, diarrhoea, hair loss, muscle weakness, tremor, or warm skin Answer : (b)

Secretin a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum, which are located in the intestinal glands Answer : (d)

Cretinism is most probably due to a diet deficient in iodine. If there is low levels of thyroxine or T4 and high levels of TSH, these could confirm cretinism or congenital hypothyroidism. Answer : (d)

Sellaturcica is a depression in the sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland. Answer : (c)

acute rise of LH ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. Low level of LH causes failure of ovulation . Option ‘a’ correct Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency and subsequent high blood glucose levels. Diabetes Insipidus on the other hand develops as a result of the stilted production of a hormone in the brain, which is released to stop the kidneys producing so much urine in order to retain water. Option ‘b’ wrong Parathormone controls calcium in blood serum . Option ‘c’ wrong Tetany is due to malfunction of the parathyroid glands . Option ‘d’ wrong Answer : (a)