The Ventricles of the Brain. The ventricles are structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid, and transport it around the cranial cavity. They are lined by ependymal cells, which form a structure called the choroid plexus Answer : (d)

Cranial nerves I (The Olfactory Nerve), II(The Optic Nerve), and VIII(The Vestibulocochlear Nerve) are pure sensory nerves. Cranial nerves III(Oculomotor), IV(Trochlear), VI(Abducens), XI(Accessory), and XII(Hypoglossal) are pure motor nerves. Cranial nerves V(Trigeminal), VII(Facial), IX(Glossopharyngeal), and X(Vagus) are mixed sensory and motor nerves. Answer : (b)

Glaucoma, disease caused by an increase in pressure within the eye as a result of blockage of the flow of aqueous humour. Canal of Schlemm, from which the aqueous humour flows into blood vessels. Blockage of the aqueous humour flow causes increased pressure in the posterior chamber Answer : (a)

Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions as a neurotransmitter-a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells. Answer : (b)

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical released by a nerve cell or neuron Answer : (b)

Nerve gas is nerve agents. Nerve agents are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by blocking acetylcholinesterase. Answer : (b)

The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. option "d" correct The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. while The sternum is sometimes known as the breastbone. option "a" not correct pair The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans, The incus or anvil is a bone in the middle ear both are different. Option "b" not correct The patella, also known as the kneecap, The femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and patella (kneecap) make up the bones of the knee. Option "c" is not correct Answer : (d)

The brachial plexus is a network (plexus) of nerves (formed by the anterior ramus of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1). Answer : (b)

Action potentials are caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron. Answer : (a)

Splay: To lay open the end of a tubular structure by making a longitudinal incision to increase its potential diameter. visceral organs : An organ of the digestive, respiratory, urogenital, and endocrine systems as well as the spleen, the heart, and great vessels. Answer : (d)

Blind spot: There are no photoreceptors (i.e., rods or cones) in the optic disk, and, therefore, there is no image detection in this area. Answer : (b)

Vagus (Xth) Cranial nerve has the longest and varied area of supply, right from oral cavity to heart, eye, posterior part of tongue, palate, larynx , muscles for respiration to GIT, all are supplied by Vagus or it's associates. The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the largest of the cranial nerves. Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

valve of Vieussens called as anterior medullary velum is a thin, transparent lamina of white matter, . The corpora quadrigemina are four rounded eminences which form the dorsal part of the mid-brain. They are situated above and in front of the anterior medullary velum and superior peduncle, and below and behind the third ventricle and posterior commissure Answer : (b)

The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Pia mater often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Answer : (b)

Cornea contains no blood vessels to nourish or protect it against infection. Instead, the cornea receives its nourishment from tears and the aqueous humor (a fluid in the front part of the eye that lies behind the cornea). Answer : (a)

The Organ of Golgi is located where muscle fibers of skeletal muscle meet tendon Answer : (d)

A neuron that is polarized is at rest potential. At this stage it is not conducting an impulse and has sodium ions on the outside and potassium ions on the inside. Answer : (b)

Neurotransmitters transmit impulse across synapse. Examples of neurotransmitters are Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, D-serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine Answer : (b)

Cranial Nerve	Name	Function
I	The Olfactory Nerve	Sense of Smell
II	The Optic Nerve	Vision
III	The Oculomotor Nerve	Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
IV	The Trochlear Nerve	Eye movements, proprioception
V	The Trigeminal Nerve	Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.
VI	The Abducent Nerve	Produce movements of the eyes
VII	The Facial Nerve	Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.
VIII	The Vestibulocochlear Nerve	Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.
IX	The Glossopharyngeal Nerve	Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.
X	The Vagus Nervehistorically cited as the pneumogastric nerve	Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.
XI	Accessory nerve	Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.
XII	Hypoglossal	Tongue movements

Answer : (d)

Vestibular and tympanic canals of cochlea are located in inner ear. Helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scalavestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells near this area best detect low frequency sounds Answer : (c)

The act of swallowing has voluntary and involuntary components. The preparatory/oral phase is voluntary, whereas the pharyngeal and esophageal phases are mediated by an involuntary reflex called the swallowing reflex. Answer : (a)

The cerebral peduncles help refine our movements. If body movement impulses came straight from the cortex, the movements would seem erratic and clumsy. The peduncles adjust the commands by taking into account where the body parts currently are located before directing the movement, and they sometimes slow down the movement. Answer : (d)

The cerebrum is located in the upper part of the cranial cavity, which is a space inside the top of the skull. Answer : (c)

axoplasmthe cytoplasm of a nerve axon. When a stimulus reaches a resting neuron, the gated ion channels on the resting neuron’s membrane open suddenly and allow the Na+ that was on the outside of the membrane to go rushing into the cell. Answer : (b)

Light sensitive cells are cones and rods. They are present in the retina. Answer : (d)

Axoaxonicreferring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the axon of another. Answer : (a)

The cerebellum plays a major role in the predictive timing and coordination Answer : (b)

Organ	Effect of sympathetic nervous system
Glands (nasal, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreas)	inhibits secretory activity; causes vasoconstiction of blood vessels supplying glands
Eye	Dilates pupil
Heart	Increases rate and force of contraction
Lungs	Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline
Sweat Glands	stimulates sweating
Kidney	Increases renin secretion

Answer : (c)

Gustatoreceptor: a taste bud on the tongue. Answer : (c)

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines. Answer : (c)

Sylvian aqueduct or aqueduct of Sylvius) is within the midbrain. It contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum Answer : (a)

Epinephrine is also called adrenaline, derived from the name of its gland Answer : (b)

Visceral: Referring to the viscera, the internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (as the heart or lungs) or abdomen (as the liver, pancreas or intestines). The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the portion of the nervous system responsible for voluntary body movement and for sensing external stimuli. All five senses are controlled by this system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) The PNS can be broken down into two systems: the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary actions such as breathing and digestion, and the somatic nervous system, which governs voluntary action and body reflexes. Answer : (d)

Photoreceptor found in eye Answer : (c)

Broca's area is involved in several functions of the body including:Speech Production, Facial Neuron Control,Language Processing Answer : (b)

Resting potential, the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable nerve cells and their surroundings. The resting potential of electrically excitable cells lies in the range of −60 to −95 millivolts (1 millivolt = 0.001 volt), with the inside of the cell negatively charged. If the inside of a cell becomes more electronegative (i.e., if the potential is made greater than the resting potential), the membrane or the cell is said to be hyperpolarized. If the inside of the cell becomes less negative (i.e., the potential decreases below the resting potential), the process is called depolarization. Answer : (a)

The organs for hearing and balance in frogs are the stato-acoustic receptors. The frog ears that is divided into the middle ear and internal ear. The middle portion of the ear is made of columella auris and the cartilaginous stapedial plate. The internal ear receives vibrations from the middle ear that is responsible for hearing and balancing. Answer : (c)

The anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its function is thermoregulation (cooling) of the body. Damage or destruction of this nucleus causes hyperthermia. Answer : (a)

Organ	Effect of sympathetic nervous system
Glands (nasal, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreas)	inhibits secretory activity; causes vasoconstiction of blood vessels supplying glands
Eye	Dilates pupil
Heart	Increases rate and force of contraction
Lungs	Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline
Sweat Glands	stimulates sweating
Kidney	Increases renin secretion

Answer : (c)

The 3rd, 6th and 11th cranial nerves are Oculomotor, abducens and spinal accessory Answer : (d)

a) Foramen of Monro : the small opening (on both the right and left sides) that connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere. b)Foramen of Magendie: a passage through the midline of the roof of the fourth ventricle of the brain that gives passage to the cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space. c)Interventricular foramen: The short, often slitlike passage that, on both the left and right sides, connects the third brain ventricle (of the diencephalon) with the lateral ventricles (of the cerebral hemispheres); the passage is bounded anteriomedially by the column of fornix and posterolaterally by the anterior pole of the thalamus. d) Foramen of Luschka: The two lateral apertures provide a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space Answer : (d)

The visual field: refers to the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point. Stereoscopic visual field: The single perception of a slightly different image from each eye. Answer : (c)

Arbor vitae is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. In some ways it more resembles a fern and is present in both cerebellar hemispheres. It brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum. Answer : (b)

Association area: an area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas Answer : (d)

Pallium refers to the layers of gray and white matter that cover the upper surface of the cerebrum in vertebrates Answer : (a)

The trochlear nerve, also called the fourth cranial nerve Answer : (c)

The Rexedlaminae comprise a system of ten layers of grey matter (I-X), identified in the early 1950s by BrorRexed to label portions of the grey columns of the spinal cord Answer : (d)

Rods and cones are sensory neurons of eye as they transmit information to other cells. Answer : (c)

The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron. Answer : (a)