For perspiration due to heat, hypothalamus gland is responsible Answer : (d)

Longsightedness is corrected using a convex (outward facing) lens. This is placed in front of a hypermetropic eye, moving the image forward and focusing it correctly on the retina. Answer : (c)

Lower vertebrates (fishes, amphibians) have 10 (C-I to C –X) pairs of cranial nerves. Accessory nerve (XI):Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production. Hypoglossal (XII):Tongue movements Both Cranial nerves are absent in frog but present in rabitt/human Answer : (a)

Cranial Nerve	Name	Function
I	The Olfactory Nerve	Sense of Smell
II	The Optic Nerve	Vision
III	The Oculomotor Nerve	Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
IV	The Trochlear Nerve	Eye movements, proprioception
V	The Trigeminal Nerve	Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.
VI	The Abducent Nerve	Produce movements of the eyes
VII	The Facial Nerve	Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.
VIII	The Vestibulocochlear Nerve	Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.
IX	The Glossopharyngeal Nerve	Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.
X	The Vagus Nervehistorically cited as the pneumogastric nerve	Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.
XI	Accessory nerve	Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.
XII	Hypoglossal	Tongue movements

Answer : (b)

One of the brain areas most involved in controlling these voluntary movements is the motor cortex. The motor cortex is located in the rear portion of the frontal lobe, just before the central sulcus (furrow) that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. Answer : (d)

An interoceptor is a sensory receptor that detects stimuli within the body. Answer : (c)

d) Lysozyme: an enzyme which catalyses the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria, and occurs notably in tears and egg white. a) Opsin: a protein which forms part of the visual pigment rhodopsin and is released by the action of light. c) Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. Answer : (d)

Pecten comb like structure in the bird retina which contains most of the vasculature Answer : (b)

convex lenses lens is convergent lens, now if image is formed at retina after using convex lens. It imply image must be behind retina, Answer : (d)

Crystalline: is a water-soluble structural protein found in the lens and the cornea of the eye accounting for the transparency of the structure. Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Elevated intraocular pressure is a concern in people with ocular hypertension because it is one of the main risk factors for glaucoma. High pressure inside the eye is caused by an imbalance in the production and drainage of fluid in the eye (aqueous humor). Answer : (b)

Schwann cell, also called neurilemma cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Answer : (d)

Sympathetic nerves arise from near the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral nucleus of the lateral grey column, beginning at the first thoracic vertebra of the vertebral column and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar vertebra Answer : (c)

The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals Answer : (b)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia are found in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract. A pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia. Answer : (c)

Saltatory conduction is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials. The biggest advantages of this sort of faster conduction are increased signal velocity and improved energy efficiency. This type of conduction is typically about 30 times faster than continuous conduction. By limiting electrical currents to the nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction also allows fewer ions to leak through the membrane. This ultimately saves metabolic energy, which is often a significant advantage since the human nervous system tends to use about 20 percent of the body’s metabolic energy. Answer : (d)

Jacobson's organ, is an auxiliary olfactorysense organ that is found in many animals. It lies close to the vomer and nasal bones. Jacobson's organ functions as in other mammals to detect pheromones and to sample low concentrations of certain non-human chemicals in the air. Answer : (b)

Three layers of human eye are a) the cornea – Outermost part,The cornea is responsible for focusing most of the light that enters the eye. The cornea is composed of proteins and cells. It does not contain blood vessels, b) theuveal tract – Middle part,The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye. It is traditionally divided into three areas, from front to back, the: 1. Iris 2. Ciliary body 3. Choroid, The primary function of the uveal tract is to supply nutrition to the eye , both in health and in disease. c) the retina – Innermost part,Thefunction of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition Answer : (a)

The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviours, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms. Answer : (c)

Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1. 1.7), also known as AChE or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. Answer : (d)

The ciliary muscles adjust the shape of the lenses in order to focus the eyes. NOTE:The ciliary muscles do not control the size of the pupils-this is the job of the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae. Answer : (b)

Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Rods are usually found concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. Answer : (a)

Rabit Hind brain have two parts i)Cerebellum ii) Medulla oblongata-is the most important part of the brain. It is hollow. The cavity is called fourth ventricle or myelocoel or medullary coel. The third and fourth ventricles are connected by a tube called iter or aquiduct of Sylvius. The fourth ventricle posteriorly opens into the central canal of spinal cord. Answer : (c)

The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis). This occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes move towards the different poles of the cell. Without centriole's, the chromosomes would not be able to move Answer : (d)

Tyrosine: is a nonessential amino acid the body makes from another amino acid called phenylalanine. It is an essential component for the production of several important brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Neurotransmitters help nerve cells communicate and influence mood. Tyrosine also helps produce melanin, the pigment responsible for hair and skin color. It helps in the function of organs responsible for making and regulating hormones, including the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands. It is involved in the structure of almost every protein in the body. Cortisone: It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. Answer : (c)

Na+ do not takes part in thermoregulation Answer : (c)

The ciliary body has three functions: accommodation, aqueous humor production and resorption, and maintenance of the lens zonules for the purpose of anchoring the lens in place At rest, the eyes have Relaxed ciliary body Answer : (a)

Vomiting is believed to be controlled by two distinct brain centres—the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone—both located in the medulla oblongata. The vomiting centre initiates and controls the act of emesis, which involves a series of contractions of the smooth muscles lining the digestive tract. Answer : (b)

These association neurons are found throughout the central nervous system. They are much more numerous than motor neurons; the ratio between the two types of cells is 30:1. They interconnect other cells with one another. Answer : (c)

The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow Answer : (d)

Acetylcholinesterase is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine which function as neurotransmitters in to Acetic acid and choline Answer : (a)

Bowman's glands: Also known as Olfactory glands responsible for smell Answer : (c)

The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres Answer : (c)

Cerebellum which controls fine movement, coordinates muscle groups, and maintains balance by regulating postural reflexes, controlling the coordination of voluntary muscle activity and muscle tone, providing muscle synergy throughout the body, and coordinating location in space, movements, and all sensory modalities Answer : (b)

the fovea is responsible for high-acuity vision it is densely saturated with cone photoreceptors.1-B circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. 2-D job of the iris and pupil is to control the amount of light that gets into the eye 3-A The lens is located in the eye. By changing its shape, the lens changes the focal distance of the eye. In other words, it focuses the light rays that pass through it (and onto the retina) in order to create clear images of objects that are positioned at various distances. 4-E The optic nerve is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.5-C Answer : (a)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted by the choroid cells into the lateral ventricles; it flows to the third and fourth ventricles and then to the spinal cord. Answer : (c)

The membranous labyrinth is a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers which contain the receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing.The membranous labyrinth contains fluid called endolymph. Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply cranial nerve VII. The main function of the facial nerve is motor control of all of the muscles of facial expression. The facial nerve receives taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Facial nerves are motor and sensory nerve. Answer : (c)

Myopic person cannot see distant object due to excessive convergence due to eye lens defect can be removed by concave lens Answer : (a)

Organ	Effect of sympathetic nervous system
Glands (nasal, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreas)	inhibits secretory activity; causes vasoconstiction of blood vessels supplying glands
Eye	Dilates pupil
Heart	Increases rate and force of contraction
Lungs	Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline
Sweat Glands	stimulates sweating
Kidney	Increases renin secretion

Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

For Articulationthe larynx and the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities tongue are involved .This configuration modifies an airstream to produce the sounds of speech. The main articulators are the tongue, the upper lip, the lower lip, the upper teeth, the upper gum ridge the pharyngeal wall, and the glottis. Such a huge setup for speech is absent in other animals Answer : (c)

The arbor vitae consists of white matter that allows communication between different of the brain Within the arbor vitae exist four structures composed of gray matter that provide inputs for the cerebellum s of the brain. The arbor vitae consists primarily of myelinated axons that help to transmit nerve impulses through the body. A myelinated axon has a white color with a slight pink tint. Without the arbor vitae and cerebellum, a person would not have the ability to coordinate actions between his arms and legs, catch a ball or perform other actions that require eye-hand coordination. Answer : (d)

The cornea – Outermost part, The cornea is responsible for focusing most of the light that enters the eye. The cornea is composed of proteins and cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Answer : (c)

The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. Answer : (a)

The organ of Corti is the sensitive element in the inner ear and can be thought of as the body's microphone. Vestibulocochlearnervein the human ear, Eighth Cranial Nerve, , serving the organs of hearing. Answer : (d)

The skin acts as a sense organ because the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain. Answer : (c)