The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation. The organ of Corti is the sensitive element in the inner ear and can be thought of as the body's miThe basilar membrane is also the base for the sensory cells of hearingcrophone. Tectorial membrane for healthy auditory function in mammals Answer : (b)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative, progressive disorder that affects nerve cells in deep parts of the brain called the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra. Alzheimer's is caused by brain cell death. It is aneurodegenerative disease, which means there is progressive brain cell death that happens over time. In a person with Alzheimer's, the tissue has fewer and fewer nerve cells and connections. Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disease that causes certain nerve cells in the brain to waste away. Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. Answer : (a)

Synaptic fatigue is temporary inability of neurons to fire and therefore transmit an input signal. When the neurons die or become impaired, they produce less dopamine a neurotransmitter. Answer : (c)

The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body. Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The corpora quadrigemina (Latin for "quadruplet bodies") are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing Answer : (a)

Brain is dependent on blood supply for O2 and glucose Answer : (c)

The neopallium, also called the neocortex and isocortex, is the part of brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language. Answer : (d)

Composition	Perilymph	Endolymph
Na(mM)	140	1
K(mM)	4-5	150
Cl(mM)	110	130
Ca(mM)	1.2	0.02
Glucose (mM)	4	0.4

Composition and properties of the two cochlear fluids Answer : (d)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater. Answer : (c)

The rods are most sensitive to light and dark changes, shape and movement and contain only one type of light-sensitive pigment. Rods are not good for color vision Answer : (a)

The oval window or fenestra vestibuli is a membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Answer : (b)

A neurohormone is any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells (also called neurosecretory cells) into the blood such as as acetylcholine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which are liberated at nerve endings in minute amounts and have only a momentary action. Answer : (a)

Broca's area is a bit of the brain which is on the front left side of the cortex of the brain and it's responsible for generating speech. It is involved mainly in producing speech, writing, and also in language processing and comprehension Answer : (c)

organ of corti is situated on the basilar membrane in one of the three compartments of the Cochlea. The tectorial membrane (TM) is one of two acellular membranes in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM) Answer : (a)

The membranous labyrinth is a collection of the perilymph fluid Answer : (b)

The transport of 3 Na+ for 2 K+ across the membrane, through the means of the sodium pump, maintains transmembrane gradients for the ions Answer : (d)

depolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell. the sodium ions rush back into the cell, they add positive charge to the cell interior, and change the membrane potential from negative to positive Answer : (b)

Route of reflex arc is Receptors, sensory fibres, grey matter, motor fibres and effectors Answer : (c)

The brainstem is where the spinal cord goes into the brain, includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Answer : (a)

The corpus callosum is a large, C-shaped nerve fiber bundle found beneath the cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex is outer part of cerebrum Answer : (c)

A nervous impulse is transmitted across the synapse from a pre-synapticneurone to a post-synaptic neurone through the use of neurotransmitter diffusion. Answer : (c)

The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. Answer: (a)

sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord. Thoracicolumbar(Thoracolumbar) relating to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine denoting the sympathetic nervous system. thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2~L3. Answer : (c)

Broca’sareafunctions linked to speech production, which requires movement of vocal cords and tongue Answer : (c)

Cranial Nerve	Name	Function
I	The Olfactory Nerve	Sense of Smell
II	The Optic Nerve	Vision
III	The Oculomotor Nerve	Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
IV	The Trochlear Nerve	Eye movements, proprioception
V	The Trigeminal Nerve	Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.
VI	The Abducent Nerve	Produce movements of the eyes
VII	The Facial Nerve	Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.
VIII	The Vestibulocochlear Nerve	Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.
IX	The Glossopharyngeal Nerve	Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.
X	The Vagus Nervehistorically cited as the pneumogastric nerve	Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.
XI	Accessory nerve	Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.
XII	Hypoglossal	Tongue movements

Answer : (a)

3rd ventricle also known as Diocoel Foramen of Monro : the small opening (on both the right and left sides) that connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere Answer : (a)

Fenestrao valis also known as oval window is connected to scala vestibule and liquid in scala vestibule is perilymph. Answer : (c)

The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. Answer : (c)

Organ	Effect of sympathetic nervous system
Glands (nasal, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreas)	inhibits secretory activity; causes vasoconstiction of blood vessels supplying glands
Eye	Dilates pupil
Heart	Increases rate and force of contraction
Lungs	Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline
Sweat Glands	stimulates sweating
Kidney	Increases renin secretion

Answer : (a)

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Presbyopia is an eye condition in which your eye slowly loses the ability to focus quickly on objects that are close due to reduction in elasticity of eye lens Answer : (b)

Rod cells and cone cells are bipolar neurons, they have modified dendrite ends that are light sensitive Answer : (a)

Innervates meaning is supply (an organ or other body part) with nerves. The vagus nerve cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. Answer : (c)

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. Answer : (b)

The organ of Corti, or spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. Answer : (b)

In resting phase, the membrane is 30 times more permeable to potassium ions (K+) than the sodium (Na+) ions. As a result of which inside the axon there is more K+ and likewise more Na+ on outside of the membrane. Answer : (c)

Depolarization is when a cell membrane's charge becomes positive to generate an action potential. This is usually caused by positive sodium and calcium ions going into the cell. Answer : (d)

The 6 to 7 million cones provide the eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central yellow spot known as the macula. In the center of that region is the " foveacentralis ", a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones. Answer : (a)

somatic nervous system consists of two parts: Spinal nerves: They are peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord. Cranial nerves: They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem. They include smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, taste, ear, neck, shoulders, and tongue. Answer : (c)

Ions involved in conduction of nerve impulse are Na+ , K+ Answer : (a)

The aqueous humour plays an essential role in the health of your eye. As well as nourishing the cornea and the lens by supplying nutrition such as amino acids and glucose, the aqueous humourmaintain intraocular pressure. Transport vitamin C in the front segment to act as an antioxidant agent Answer : (b)

First cranial nerve is Olfactory sense smell Answer : (c)

Sensory receptors of hearing are hair cells, hair cells located in the organ of Corti transduce mechanical sound vibrations into nerve impulses Answer : (a)

Initiation or Generation of a Nerve Impulse (Action Potential) . At rest, the voltage-sensitive sodium and potassium gates in the channels in the plasma membrane of a nerve cell are nearly closed and the Na+/K+ pump moves 3 Na+ ions to the ECF and 2 K+ ions to the ICF Answer : (d)

Medulla oblongata encloses the fourth ventricle or the metacoei or the myelocoel. Answer : (a)

Fovea have many cones Answer : (c)

Eye is near-sighted, it is myopia Answer : (c)