Intelligence quotient defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. Answer : (a)

When a neurone is not sending a signal, it is at ‘rest’. The membrane is responsible for the different events that occur in a neurone. All animal cell membranes contain a protein pump called the sodium-potassium pump (Na+K+ATPase). This uses the energy from ATP splitting to simultaneously pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions in. Answer : (a)

The vestibular system, located in inner ear, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. Answer : (c)

Corpora quadrigemina are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. They are respectively named the inferior and superior colliculus. Answer : (d)

Sodium channels open and sodium rushes into the axon, causing a region of positive charge within the axon. This is called depolarisation Answer : (b)

The cyton transmits only strong impulses. Weak impulses are not further transmitted. An impulse passed on by the cyton travels along the axon of the neuron. When it reaches the end of the axon, it causes the axon bulb to release a chemical which diffuses across the synapse and stimulates the dendrites of the adjacent neuron. Answer : (a)

The choroid plexus is composed of blood vessels and specialized epithelial tissue called ependyma.The choroid plexus serves two important functions in the body. It produces cerebrospinal fluid and helps to provide a barrier, which protects the brain and other central nervous system tissue from toxins. Answer : (c)

Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up your eye's lens. Some inherited genetic disorders that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Answer : (b)

a) the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. b) An unconditioned response is behavior that occurs naturally due to a givenstimulus. However, a stimulus prompts a conditioned response only when someone has come to associate that stimulus with another. For example, when a person yelps upon being bitten by an insect, the yelp is an unconditioned response. c) stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response; for example, food is an unconditioned stimulus for a hungry animal, and salivation is the unconditioned response. d) Conditioned response an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus. Answer : (a)

The helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibule meet. Answer : (b)

The main purpose of a myelin sheath is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber. Answer : (c)

Slow-acting neurotransmitters, which include dopamine and serotonin, all peptide neurotransmitters, as well as glutamate and GABA, achieve their effects over seconds to minutes Answer : (a)

Delicious food makes mouth watering due to Neural response Answer : (b)

The Vagus Nervehistorically cited as the Pneumogastricnerve.Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen. It is a PNS and haveSensory motor+PSNSperves Answer : (c)

Erythrolabe the pigment in retinal cones that is more sensitive to the red range of the spectrum. Chlorolabe the pigment in retinal cones that is more sensitive to the green portion of the spectrum. Cyanolabe the pigment in retinal cones that is more sensitive to the blue range of the spectrum. Answer : (a)

The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. Answer : (b)

There is a large opening, called the foramen magnum, located in the back of the occipital bone. This is where the medulla ends and projects out of the skull. Smaller holes in the skull, called foramina, allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave the cranium. Answer : (b)

A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, Answer : (c)

Nerve cells are not able to multiply because they lack centrioles as they can notparticipate in mitosis and meiosis activity but still they get longer without dividingduring childhood. It occurs due to synpatic or axon pruning Answer : (a)

The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body. Answer : (c)

Blinks elicited by stimulation of the supraorbital nerve had shortest duration. The supraorbital nerve is a terminal branch of the frontal nerve. It passes through the supraorbital foramen, and gives off, in this situation, palpebral filaments to the upper eyelid. Answer : (a)

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Area of cerebral cortex controlling vision is Occipital lobe Answer : (d)

Lateral rectus muscle of eye. It is the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, Answer : (c)

I, II, VIII are sensory nerves only Answer : (a)

Nerve transmission is chemical process Answer : (b)

Cranial Nerve	Name	Function
I	The Olfactory Nerve	Sense of Smell
II	The Optic Nerve	Vision
III	The Oculomotor Nerve	Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
IV	The Trochlear Nerve	Eye movements, proprioception
V	The Trigeminal Nerve	Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.
VI	The Abducent Nerve	Produce movements of the eyes
VII	The Facial Nerve	Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.
VIII	The Vestibulocochlear Nerve	Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.
IX	The Glossopharyngeal Nerve	Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.
X	The Vagus Nervehistorically cited as the pneumogastric nerve	Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.
XI	Accessory nerve	Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.
XII	Hypoglossal	Tongue movements

Answer : (b)

The Trigeminal Nerve(V) Stemming from the lateral superior margin of the left and right side of the pons, this nerve branches into three: V/I ophthalmic, V/II maxillary and V/III mandibular nerves pharyngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve are the two branches of Vagus Answer : (c)

Father of conditioned reflex is Pavlov Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. Answer : (c)

Cranial nerves IV = Trochlear Cranial nerves V = Trigeminal Cranial nerves VII =Facial Answer : (a)

There are approximately 90 million rod cells in the human retina. Answer : (a)

Nerve impulse travels as Electrical impulse Answer : (c)

Low light intensity as during night is detected by Rods Answer : (b)

The geniculate ganglion (is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) Answer : (b)

Diencephalon:The floor of the third ventricle is formed by a number of structures including the hypothalamus, subthalamus, mammilary bodies, infundibulum (pituitary stalk), and the tectum of the midbrain. Answer : (c)

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. Answer : (a)

The subarachnoid space (subarachnoid cavity) is the anatomic space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Answer : (b)

Pacinian corpuscles is Encapsulated pressure receptors, respond only to mechanical deformation. Answer : (b)

Vagus nerve is X nerve and is both sensory and motor nerve Answer : (c)

In humans there are 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each pair connects the spinal cord with a specific region of the body Answer : (a)

Action potentials are caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron than K+ ions leave the same Answer : (c)

Lateral rectus muscle of eye. It is the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, Answer : (a)

The ossicles are three bones in either middle ear.Incus, malleus and stapes also kown as hammer, anvil, and stirrup Answer : (b)

Pons, cerebellum and medulla constitute Hind brain Answer : (c)

Light enters the eye through the pupil, and the iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil. Answer : (d)

White matter consisting of myelinated axons passing to and from the brain, or different segments of the spinal cord. Gray matter consisting of nerve cell bodies and interneurons Answer : (a)

During the transmission of nerve impulse through a nerve fibre, the potential on the inner side of the plasma membrane has first negative charge, then positive and again negative by repolarization. Answer : (c)