The appendix originates from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum. The ileum is the last of the three parts of the small intestine. The transition from the jejunum to the ileum is not sharply marked, while at the distal end, the ileum opens into the cecum. The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract Answer:(a)

Enterokinase, proteolytic enzyme (q.v.), secreted from the duodenal mucosa, that changes the inactive pancreatic secretion trypsinogen into trypsin Answer : (b)

human teeth have all of these characteristic that’s why their dentition refers to as thecodont, heterodont and diphyodont. Thecodont having the teeth inserted in sockets. heterodont: having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars. Diphyodont is a type of dentition in which two successive sets of teeth are developed during the lifetime of the organism. The first set of teeth is deciduous and the other set is permanent. Answer : (b)

The primary function of goblet cells is to synthesize and secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Villi, the singular of which is villus, are finger-like projections in the small intestine that help absorb food more efficiently in the body. Peyer's patches form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. Answer : (a)

Secretin functions as a type of fireman: it is released in response to acid in the small intestine, and stimulates the pancreas and bile ducts to release a flood of bicarbonate base, which neutralizes the acid. Answer : (d)

The word parotid (paraotic) literally means "beside the ear".Below ears/external acoustic meatus Answer : (a)

An enterogastrone is hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the forward motion of the contents of chyme. Answer : (c)

Enzyme ENTEROKINASE secreted by intestinal mucosa converts trypsinogen to trypsin.Trypsin will in turn activates other enzymes in pancreatic juice. Answer : (b)

The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Answer : (c)

Peristaltic movement is the movement that refers to the constriction and relaxation of muscles of the esophagus, intestine, and stomach. It is a wave-like structure, which starts in the esophagus when the bolus of food is swallowed Answer : (d)

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C. Early symptoms include weakness, feeling tired, curly hair, and sore arms and legs. Answer : (c)

Fatty acids and glycerol instead of being absorbed directly into capillary blood of villus, are transported first into the lymphatic vessel that penetrates into each villus. Answer : (a)

The function of the epiglottis is that it allows air to pass through the larynx and into the rest of the respiratory system. When swallowing food or drink, it covers the entrance to the larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the trachea (windpipe). Answer : (c)

Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as the inactive protease trypsinogen. Answer : (c)

Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. The dispersion of food fat into micelles thus provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase. Answer : (c)

Thiamine (B1) deficiency leads to Beri-Beri Answer : (a)

Deficiency of vitamin E/tocopherol causes nerve problems due to poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function. Vitamin E maintains the health of the reproductive system. Men can suffer from enlarged prostate, impotence and sterility. Answer : (d)

Pepsinogen activates to pepsin in presence of hydrochloric acid. Answer : (b)

Liquid secreted by the pancreas that contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase. Answer : (d)

The cardiac glands are found in the cardia of the stomach which is the part nearest to the heart, they primarily secrete mucus Answer : (d)

An enzyme found in the saliva of humans and herbivorous animals that helps in the predigestion of starches. Ptyalin is a type of amylase. Answer : (d)

Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Answer : (a)

Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Answer : (a)

Vitamin B12 is absorbed just before the small intestine joins the large intestine. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the distal ileum and the ascending colon. Small intestine The small intestine in the adult is approximately 22 feet long and consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine wall is arranged in folds of absorptive cells and villi. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine including minerals, vitamins, proteins, and fats. Iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc are absorbed almost immediately after leaving the stomach – ie, in the 8 feet of the duodenum and the jejunum. Sugars and vitamin C, as well as thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and folic acid, are absorbed in the upper third of the small intestine. Protein is absorbed approximately midway through the ileum. Vitamins A, D, E, and K, fats, and cholesterol are absorbed in the lower third of the ileum. Answer : (b)

The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen Answer : (c)

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals. The primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate Answer : (c)

The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Diastase is an enzyme group that is originally found in malt and it is produced when the germination of the seeds happens. Diastase transforms starch into maltose and after that it converts it this into glucose Answer : (a)

Rickets (Bowed legs and double malleoli ) is caused due to Vitamin ‘D’ deficiency or improper metabolism of vitamin D, Answer : (a)

succus entericus. The clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. It contains hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus and bicarbonate. Answer : (b)

Succus entericus An antiquated, nonspecific term for the sum total of intestinal secretions. Crypt of Liberkuhn and Brunner's glands both are present small intestine. Crypt of Liberkuhn : secretes digestive enzymes example peptidase and sucrose maltase, lactase Brunner's glands: secretes bicarbonates Answer : (d)

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum which is the part of small intestine Answer : (c)

The pharynx is the body cavity that connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus. It is commonly referred to as the throat. The pharynx is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems. For the digestive system, its muscular walls function in the process of swallowing and it serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus. As part of the respiratory system, it allows for the movement of air from the nose and mouth to the larynx in the process of breathing. Answer : (b)

There are three regulatory molecules that stimulate acid secretion (acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin) Vagal activation causes secretion of acetylcholine. The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells Gastric acid production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and several hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system, via the vagus nerve, and the hormone gastrin stimulate the parietal cell to produce gastric acid, both directly acting on parietal cells and indirectly, through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. Answer : (d)

Bile salts it binds with lipids to form micelles. Answer : (b)

The digestion of starch begins with salivary amylase secreted by salivary glands in mouth. Amylase hydrolyzes starch, with the primary end products being maltose, maltotriose, and a -dextrins, although some glucose is also produced Answer : (b)

Three hormones: glucagon, insulin and somatostatin Three enzymes: Trypsinogen, protease ,trypsin Answer : (b)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid Answer : (a)

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fat/fatty acids and glycerol in the villi of the small intestine. Answer : (b)

Mammalian teeth aresunk in sockets thus mammalian teeth are thecodont. Acrodont: describes the teeth of some reptiles that have no roots and are joined to the jawbone Homodont: used to describe vertebrates that have teeth that are all similar in shape, as in most nonmammalian vertebrates Polyphyodont: is any animal whose teeth are continually replaced Answer : (c)

The characteristic blood effects of copper deficiency are anemia Enzymes in the central nervous system that depend on copper for their function Answer : (a)

Trypsin catalyses Alkaline medium Pepsin catalyses in acidic medium Answer : (b)

Antixerophthalmic : preventing or curing xerophthalmia is vitamin A Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by vitamin A deficiency, which is sometimes used to describe that condition, although there may be other causes. Antixerophthalmic vitamin refers to a group of fat-soluble substances plays vital roles in vision, epithelial differentiation, growth, reproduction, patternformation during embryogenesis, bone development, hematopoiesis and brain development. It is also important for the maintenance of the proper functioning of the immune system. Answer : (d)

The main source of lipase in digestive tract is pancreas, Answer : (d)

Enzymes produced by intestinal bacteria are important in the metabolism of several vitamins. The intestinal microflora synthesizes vitamin K, which is a necessary cofactor in the production of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Treatment with antibiotics, particularly in individuals eating a diet low in vitamin K, can result in low plasma prothrombin levels and a tendency to bleed. Intestinal bacteria also synthesize biotin, vitamin B12, folic acid, and thiamine. Answer : (c)

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization Answer : (a)

Rennin also known as Chymosin it is a proteolytic enzyme related to pepsin Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach, a process of considerable importance in the very young animal. Option (a) Pair is correct An amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.Option (b) and (c) Pair is wrong Answer : (a)

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum which is the part of small intestine. Answer : (a)

Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. Pancreatic lipase is produced in the pancreas Answer : (a)