The physical process of chewing food in your mouth helps to break down larger particles of food into smaller particles( increasing surface area of food). This helps to reduce stress on the esophagus and helps the stomach metabolize your food. When you chew each mouthful properly, you also release a lot of saliva, which contains digestive enzymes Answer : (d)

The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body Answer : (c)

Dental formula for milk teeth in humans is 2120/2120. Answer : (a)

The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption. Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Answer : (c)

Antioxidants are defined as substances that, when present in a low concentration compared to that of oxidizable substrates, significantly delay or inhibit oxidation of that substance Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, selenium, and carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Answer : (c)

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. Answer : (c)

on meat, egg and milk do not have vitamin C , thus cause Scurvy Answer : (b)

Dicumarol is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase; thus, it inhibits vitamin K recycling and causes depletion of active vitamin K in blood. Answer : (c)

Absorption process occurs either by the passive, active or facilitated transport mechanisms in the body. Answer : (c)

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum, Answer : (b)

Dieting :A prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes. Reduction of caloric intake so as to lose weight. Answer : (b)

Rugae: A fold or crease, esp. one of the folds of mucous membrane on the internal surface of the stomach. Answer : (a)

Proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze proteins at the optimum temperature and pH and usually target specific peptide cleavage bonds, resulting in digestion consisting of amino acids and peptides of varying size Answer : (b)

The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Answer : (a)

DNAase(deoxyribonuclease) & RNAase (ribonuclease) are enzymes present in digestive juice secreted by pancreas. Answer : (b)

One of the function of liver is detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. Answer : (d)

The optimum conditions for ptyalin activity are a pH range of 5.6–6.9 Salivary amylase keeps the pH in the mouth basic. Thus HCl inactivate ptyalin. Answer : (d)

Although the liver produces bile salts, it does not produce any enzymes for digestion of food in the duodenum. It does perform the other listed functions. Answer : (d)

Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body as oxalate, a bodily waste product. ... Consuming too much vitamin C has the potential to increase the amount of oxalate in your urine, thus increasing the risk of developing kidney stones Answer : (a)

Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for glucose and ATP (energy). If both are present in relatively high amounts, then the excess of insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in liver and muscle cells. Answer : (d)

First step in digestion of fat is Emulsification Bile salts from the liver help in emulsifying the fat in the small intestine, which means breaking it into very small droplets so they can be acted on by the enzymes. Lipase is produced by the pancreas and poured into the small intestine to break the ester bond in the triglyceride. Answer : (a)

The crown of a tooth is that part of the tooth which is covered with enamel and this is the part usually visible in the mouth. Answer : (a)

The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices bile and pancreatic juice through hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. Answer : (d)

First portion of small intestine is called Duodenum The small intestine consists of three parts. The first part, called the duodenum, connects to the stomach. The middle part is the jejunum. The third part, called the ileum, attaches to the colon Answer : (c)

Duodenum produces following hormones: Enterogastrone is any hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the caudal (or "forward, analward") motion of the contents of chyme. Gastrin - secreted by G cells in the duodenum where they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins Secretin -- released when chyme arrives in the duodenum Cholecystokinin (CCK)-- secreted when chyme arrives in the duodenum, especially when the chyme contains lipid and partially digested proteins Enterocrinin - released when chyme enters the duodenum Answer : (c)

Phagocytic cells lining blood sinuses of liver are known as Kupffer's cells. Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids that form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system Answer : (b)

Pancreatic juice, which is defined as an alkaline secretion of the pancreas containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats Answer : (b)

Cattle are able to digest cellulose which humans cannot because cattle have cellulose digesting bacteria Answer : (a)

Humans cannot synthesize vitamins A, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin),C, E and K but are able to synthesize some vitamin B3 (niacin) and D. Answer : (d)

Microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells such as those lining the intestine increase the cell's surface area and thus facilitate the absorption of ingested food and water molecules Answer : (d)

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by protein deficiency. It can be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake whereas marasmus is inadequate energy intake in all forms, including protein. Answer : (a)

Several immune system functions are dependent on sufficient vitamin A, which is why it is known as an important immune booting vitamin. Genes involved in immune responses are regulated by Vitamin A One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines Calcium is a mineral that helps bones stay strong. Our bodies continually remove small amounts of calcium from our bones and replace it with new calcium, a bone "remodeling" process Answer : (c)

Vitamin E is a group of compounds (including tocopherols and tocotrienols) Vitamin E deficiency causes pregnant rats to abort, but no such relationship has been confirmed in human pregnancy. Answer : (c)

Ptyalin is inactivated by a component of gastric juice known as HCl. Ptyalin is an enzyme and it is made up of protein. When it enters the stomach, the HCl in the stomach denatures the protein and as a result of that ptyalin becomes inactive and the activity stops in it. Answer : (b)

Holozoic refers to engulfment of whole/part of plant/animal in liquid/solid state. The heterotrophic Amoeba engulf the particulate food. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis Answer : (a)

Insulin is synthesized in significant quantities only in beta cells in the pancreas. ... When the beta cell is appropriately stimulated, insulin is secreted from the cell by exocytosis and diffuses into islet capillary blood. C peptide is also secreted into blood, but has no known biological activity. Answer : (b)

Heterocrine Glands. These are those glands which are partly endocrine and partly exocrine in function. E.g. Pancreas. Pancreas, testis and ovaries are examples of the same. Answer : (d)

Daily salivary output. There is much debate about the amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day; estimates range from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day while it is generally accepted that during sleep the amount drops to nearly zero Answer : (d)

Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Is caused due to vitamin D/Calcium/Phosphorous deficiency Answer : (d)

The main components include bile acids (also called bile salts), phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine [PC]), cholesterol, bilirubin (mostly in its conjugated form), inorganic salts (potassium, sodium and bicarbonate), as well as very small amounts of copper and other metals. But no enzyme Answer : (d)

Trace elements for animal body are iron, iodine, fluoride, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese and molybdenum are vital for maintaining health. Also referred to as microminerals, these trace elements are part of enzymes, hormones and cells in the body. Answer : (d)

Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. Answer : (a)

Steapsin digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol. Answer : (c)

Main bile salts present are Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium glycocholate, Sodium taurocholate Answer : (d)

Oedema is a build up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen. The swelling can occur in one particular part of the body If a blood protein, called albumin, gets too low, fluid is retained and edema occurs, especially in the feet, ankles and lower legs Answer : (d)

The incisors at the front of the mouth have a sharp biting surface and are used for cutting or shearing food into small chewable pieces. There are eight incisors in both primary (baby) and permanent sets of teeth (dentitions). Shovel-shaped incisors (or, more simply, shovel incisors) are incisors whose lingual surfaces are scooped as a consequence of lingual marginal ridges, crown curvature or basal tubercles, either alone or in combination Answer : (d)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. In the absence of HCl (Hydrochloric acid) pepsinogen is not activated and converted into pepsin. (ii) Hence no protein digestion takes place. Answer : (c)

During fasting no fresh glucose is available through digestion. To fulfill need of energy glycogenolysis take place. In glycogenolysis, glycogen stored in the liver and muscles, is converted first to glucose-1- phosphate and then into glucose-6-phosphate. br/> Answer : (b)

Selenium Deficiency symptoms • liver necrosis • muscular dystrophy • cardiomyopathy (myocardial infarction) Answer : (c)

The function of Kupffer cells is to break down red blood cells through phagocytosis, liberating the globin chains and the heme component for further metabolic processing and re-use. Kupffer cells also play an essential role in innate immunity. They are involved in phagocytosing blood-borne bacteria passing through the liver from the gut. They are also capable of producing cytokines, chemokines, and ROS. Therefore, they are capable of recruiting monocytes into the liver, as well as participate in the development of alcoholic liver damage (via ROS production). Answer : (d)