islets of Langerhans, are tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. Answer : (d)

pepsin hydrolyses proteins to protesoses and peptones Answer : (c)

The small intestine is the largest part of the alimentary canal. It is about 6.5 metres long in an adult man. It is known as small intestine because it is very narrow. The small intestine is arranged in the form of a coil in our belly : Statement a is correct The small intestine has a large internal surface area for absorption to happen quickly and efficiently. This large surface area is due to the presence of many finger-like projections called villi. Statement b is correct . Answer : (b)

The main role of goblet cells is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found. Goblet cells accomplish this by secreting mucins, large glycoproteins formed mostly by carbohydrates. If Goblet cells become non-functional, this will adversely affect smooth movement of food down the intestine due to absence of mucin Answer : (c)

Deamination – It is a process by which the amino group (-NH2) is removed from amino acids resulting the production of ammonia which is converted into urea in liver. Bacteria in gut and in cells create ammonia when your body breaks down protein. Answer : (d)

Fructose is absorbed into the blood through mucosa cells of intestine by the process called facilitated transport (diffusion) Answer:(d)

In humans, the milk protein digesting enzyme in stomach is pepsin. In calves it is rennin. It is also present in small amounts in human infants but not adults. Pepsin acts on water soluble 'caseinogen' (milk protein) to form soluble 'casein' This combines with calcium salts to form insoluble calcium paracaseinate, which gets readily digested enzymatically. Answer:(b)

Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter. Brunner's glands (duodenal glands) secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin, which exerts a physiologic anti-acid function by coating the duodenal epithelium Answer:(b)

Gastric juice of infants contains pepsinogen, lipase, rennin. It's pH varies from 7.5 and 8.5. Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme synthesised by stomach. Its role is to curdle or cogulate milk. Therefore, it is present in infants because they feed on milk but is absent in adults. Answer:(d)

The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) in the gastric glands in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Answer:(b)

The Sphincter Oddi is a small smooth muscle sphincter strategically placed at the junction of the bile duct, pancreatic duct, and duodenum. The sphincter controls flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum and prevents reflux of duodenal content into the ducts. Answer:(d)

Thecodont: Teeth are present in the sockets of the jaw bone called alveoli Diphyodont: Teeth erupts twice, temporary milk or deciduous teeth are replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. Heterodont dentition: Dentition consists of different types of teeth namely incisors, canine, premolars and molars. Answer : (b)

Erythropoiesis is a process of production of red blood cells. The parietal cells of the stomach are gastric cells that indirectly help in erythropoiesis. These cells produce glycoprotein known as a gastric intrinsic factor (GIF). This factor plays important role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum of the small intestine. This vitamin B12 , in turn, is essential in the process of erythropoiesis for differentiation of erythroblasts. Thus, the correct answer is option d. Answer : (d)

The esophagus is the hollow tube that leads from the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. Answer : (d)

Protein digestion occurs in stomach, jejunum and ileum. It is completed in the ileum. Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the protease and carbohydrase enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion into the lumen of the intestineAnswer:(b)

Three chemicals stimulate the pancreas: cholecystokinin, secretin and gastrin. Cholecystokinin is made by cells in the intestines when proteins and fats are detected in the digestive tract. These same cells also make another hormone, secretin, which stimulates the pancreas. Finally, gastrin, which is synthesized by cells in the stomach, also makes the pancreas release its digestive juices. cholecystokinin a polypeptide hormone secreted in the small intestine, Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. It also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and may induce satiety Answer : (b)

Oxyntic cells (also called Parietal cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid HCl Answer : (c)

Answer:(b)

Brunner's glands are found in a part of the digestive system known as the duodenum. which secrete mucus and bicarbonate in order to neutralize stomach acids. Answer : (b)

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by vitamin A deficiency. Night blindness, also called nyctalopia, means a person cannot see well at night or in poor light. It may cause by vitamin A deficiency. Answer : (a)

The appendix originates from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum. The ileum is the last of the three parts of the small intestine. The transition from the jejunum to the ileum is not sharply marked, while at the distal end, the ileum opens into the cecum. The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract Answer:(a)

Enterokinase, proteolytic enzyme (q.v.), secreted from the duodenal mucosa, that changes the inactive pancreatic secretion trypsinogen into trypsin Answer : (b)

human teeth have all of these characteristic that’s why their dentition refers to as thecodont, heterodont and diphyodont. Thecodont having the teeth inserted in sockets. heterodont: having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars. Diphyodont is a type of dentition in which two successive sets of teeth are developed during the lifetime of the organism. The first set of teeth is deciduous and the other set is permanent. Answer : (b)

The primary function of goblet cells is to synthesize and secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Villi, the singular of which is villus, are finger-like projections in the small intestine that help absorb food more efficiently in the body. Peyer's patches form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. Answer : (a)

Secretin functions as a type of fireman: it is released in response to acid in the small intestine, and stimulates the pancreas and bile ducts to release a flood of bicarbonate base, which neutralizes the acid. Answer : (d)

The word parotid (paraotic) literally means "beside the ear".Below ears/external acoustic meatus Answer : (a)

An enterogastrone is hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the forward motion of the contents of chyme. Answer : (c)

Enzyme ENTEROKINASE secreted by intestinal mucosa converts trypsinogen to trypsin.Trypsin will in turn activates other enzymes in pancreatic juice. Answer : (b)

The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Answer : (c)

Peristaltic movement is the movement that refers to the constriction and relaxation of muscles of the esophagus, intestine, and stomach. It is a wave-like structure, which starts in the esophagus when the bolus of food is swallowed Answer : (d)

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C. Early symptoms include weakness, feeling tired, curly hair, and sore arms and legs. Answer : (c)

Fatty acids and glycerol instead of being absorbed directly into capillary blood of villus, are transported first into the lymphatic vessel that penetrates into each villus. Answer : (a)

The function of the epiglottis is that it allows air to pass through the larynx and into the rest of the respiratory system. When swallowing food or drink, it covers the entrance to the larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the trachea (windpipe). Answer : (c)

Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as the inactive protease trypsinogen. Answer : (c)

Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. The dispersion of food fat into micelles thus provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase. Answer : (c)

Thiamine (B1) deficiency leads to Beri-Beri Answer : (a)

Deficiency of vitamin E/tocopherol causes nerve problems due to poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function. Vitamin E maintains the health of the reproductive system. Men can suffer from enlarged prostate, impotence and sterility. Answer : (d)

Pepsinogen activates to pepsin in presence of hydrochloric acid. Answer : (b)

Liquid secreted by the pancreas that contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase. Answer : (d)

The cardiac glands are found in the cardia of the stomach which is the part nearest to the heart, they primarily secrete mucus Answer : (d)

An enzyme found in the saliva of humans and herbivorous animals that helps in the predigestion of starches. Ptyalin is a type of amylase. Answer : (d)

Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Answer : (a)

Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Answer : (a)

Vitamin B12 is absorbed just before the small intestine joins the large intestine. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the distal ileum and the ascending colon. Small intestine The small intestine in the adult is approximately 22 feet long and consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine wall is arranged in folds of absorptive cells and villi. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine including minerals, vitamins, proteins, and fats. Iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc are absorbed almost immediately after leaving the stomach – ie, in the 8 feet of the duodenum and the jejunum. Sugars and vitamin C, as well as thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and folic acid, are absorbed in the upper third of the small intestine. Protein is absorbed approximately midway through the ileum. Vitamins A, D, E, and K, fats, and cholesterol are absorbed in the lower third of the ileum. Answer : (b)

The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen Answer : (c)

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals. The primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate Answer : (c)

The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Diastase is an enzyme group that is originally found in malt and it is produced when the germination of the seeds happens. Diastase transforms starch into maltose and after that it converts it this into glucose Answer : (a)

Rickets (Bowed legs and double malleoli ) is caused due to Vitamin ‘D’ deficiency or improper metabolism of vitamin D, Answer : (a)