succus entericus. The clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. It contains hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus and bicarbonate. Answer : (b)

Succus entericus An antiquated, nonspecific term for the sum total of intestinal secretions. Crypt of Liberkuhn and Brunner's glands both are present small intestine. Crypt of Liberkuhn : secretes digestive enzymes example peptidase and sucrose maltase, lactase Brunner's glands: secretes bicarbonates Answer : (d)

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum which is the part of small intestine Answer : (c)

The pharynx is the body cavity that connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus. It is commonly referred to as the throat. The pharynx is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems. For the digestive system, its muscular walls function in the process of swallowing and it serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus. As part of the respiratory system, it allows for the movement of air from the nose and mouth to the larynx in the process of breathing. Answer : (b)

There are three regulatory molecules that stimulate acid secretion (acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin) Vagal activation causes secretion of acetylcholine. The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells Gastric acid production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and several hormones. The parasympathetic nervous system, via the vagus nerve, and the hormone gastrin stimulate the parietal cell to produce gastric acid, both directly acting on parietal cells and indirectly, through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. Answer : (d)

Bile salts it binds with lipids to form micelles. Answer : (b)

The digestion of starch begins with salivary amylase secreted by salivary glands in mouth. Amylase hydrolyzes starch, with the primary end products being maltose, maltotriose, and a -dextrins, although some glucose is also produced Answer : (b)

Three hormones: glucagon, insulin and somatostatin Three enzymes: Trypsinogen, protease ,trypsin Answer : (b)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid Answer : (a)

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fat/fatty acids and glycerol in the villi of the small intestine. Answer : (b)

Mammalian teeth aresunk in sockets thus mammalian teeth are thecodont. Acrodont: describes the teeth of some reptiles that have no roots and are joined to the jawbone Homodont: used to describe vertebrates that have teeth that are all similar in shape, as in most nonmammalian vertebrates Polyphyodont: is any animal whose teeth are continually replaced Answer : (c)

The characteristic blood effects of copper deficiency are anemia Enzymes in the central nervous system that depend on copper for their function Answer : (a)

Trypsin catalyses Alkaline medium Pepsin catalyses in acidic medium Answer : (b)

Vitamin K plays a key role in helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding. Deficiency of Vitamin K causes excessive bleeding. Answer : (c)

Protein substrate binds to carboxypeptidase. A zinc ion (Zn2+) is tightly bound near the active site and assists in catalysis. Answer : (a)

Antixerophthalmic : preventing or curing xerophthalmia is vitamin A Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by vitamin A deficiency, which is sometimes used to describe that condition, although there may be other causes. Antixerophthalmic vitamin refers to a group of fat-soluble substances plays vital roles in vision, epithelial differentiation, growth, reproduction, patternformation during embryogenesis, bone development, hematopoiesis and brain development. It is also important for the maintenance of the proper functioning of the immune system. Answer : (d)

The main source of lipase in digestive tract is pancreas, Answer : (d)

Enzymes produced by intestinal bacteria are important in the metabolism of several vitamins. The intestinal microflora synthesizes vitamin K, which is a necessary cofactor in the production of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Treatment with antibiotics, particularly in individuals eating a diet low in vitamin K, can result in low plasma prothrombin levels and a tendency to bleed. Intestinal bacteria also synthesize biotin, vitamin B12, folic acid, and thiamine. Answer : (c)

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization Answer : (a)

Rennin also known as Chymosin it is a proteolytic enzyme related to pepsin Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach, a process of considerable importance in the very young animal. Option (a) Pair is correct An amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.Option (b) and (c) Pair is wrong Answer : (a)

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum which is the part of small intestine. Answer : (a)

Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. Pancreatic lipase is produced in the pancreas Answer : (a)

India has the largest number of children born vulnerable to iodine-deficiency Answer : (c)

Not Vitamin K but vitamin D deficiency may increase risk of infertility or Sterility Answer : (b)

Lathyrism characterised by Skeletal deformation and thinning of collagen fibre ,Leg weakness, Leg paralysis, Leg muscle rigidity, Leg muscle spasticity, Pain, Emaciated buttock muscles khesri dal consumption was linked to a neurological disorder called lathyrism Answer : (a)

Protein are one of the building blocks of body tissue, thus growth Answer : (b)

Crypts of Lieberkuhn present in the epithelia of the villi extend down into the lamina propria where they form crypts. Secrete digestive enzymes: secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory protein (GIP), motilin Answer : (a)

Magnesium contain in 100 gm Milk – 11mg Meat – 29 mg Soyabean – 280 mg Egg – 10 mg Answer : (c)

The fundus of the stomach is the second part of the stomach. The rugae contain several specialized cells to help aid in digestion including parietal cells (HCl- Hydrochloric acid production by releasing H+ and Cl-), Chief cells (pepsin production by releasing pepsinogin which reacts with HCl to make pepsin), and Mucus cells (to release mucus and coat the stomach, protecting it from the low pH, high acid environment) The main functions of the pylorus or are to prevent intestinal contents from reentering the stomach when the small intestine contracts and to limit the passage of large food particles or undigested material into the intestine. The cardia is the first part of the stomach below the esophagus. It contains the cardiac sphincter, which is a thin ring of muscle that helps to prevent stomach contents from going back up into the esophagus Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin is secreted by cells of the upper small intestine (duodenum).a hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas. Answer : (a)

The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. Answer : (b)

Rhodopsin is made up of opsin (a colourless protein) and 11-cis-retinal (11-cis-retinaldehyde), a pigmented molecule derived from vitamin A. Answer : (a)

Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Answer : (c)

A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase Answer : (c)

Maltase secreted by the intestine converts maltose into glucose. In small intestine pH gradually increases from 6 to 7.4. Maltase is secreted at brush border of the small intestine where pH is more than 7 Answer : (b)

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is also known as vitamin G Answer : (a)

Enterogastrones are hormones that inhibit stomach processes of acid secretion Gastrin stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes. pancreozymina hormone which stimulates the production of enzymes by the pancreas. Cholecystokinin (CCK)is secreted in response to fats and peptides in the upper small intestines, particularly the duodenum. Actions of CCK include: Secretion of Pancreatic Enzymes. Contraction of Gallbladder. Answer : (b)

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines Other functions are: Producing certain proteins for blood plasma Producing cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats through the body Converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage, which can later be converted to glucose for energy Regulating blood levels of amino acids, which form the building blocks of proteins Processing hemoglobin for use of its iron content Converting poisonous ammonia to urea, clearing the blood of drugs and other poisonous substances Regulating blood clotting Resisting infections by producing immune factors and removing bacteria from the blood stream Answer : (a)

glycogenolysis the splitting up of glycogen in the liver, yielding glucose. Answer : (b)

Single sugars include glucose, galactose and fructose absorbed by small intestine. without needing to digest them first. Answer : (a)

Digestive enzymes are released in inactive forms called zymogens. This is necessary to prevent the digestive enzymes from digesting the cells that produce them. In a zymogen, part of the protein blocks the active site of the enzyme. Cleaving off this peptide activates the enzyme. Answer : (a)

Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. Answer : (b)

Stomach secretes gastric juice pH [1-3.5] which contains prorennin secreted by the zymogen cells. Inactive prorennin is converted into rennin by HCl. Rennin acts on casein, a protein milk changing it into calcium paracaseinate, it is known as curdling of milk Answer : (d)

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid Answer : (d)

Carrots are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A (from beta-carotene), biotin, vitamin K (phylloquinone), potassium and vitamin B6. Vitamin A: Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body Answer : (b)

Maturation of Red Blood Cells Requires Vitamin B(Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid Answer : (a)

hydrolytic enzyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. All the proteases, nucleases, amylases, helices, lipase come under hydrolase enzyme or hydrolytic enzyme. Proteases require acidic medium or acts at low pH. correct answer is proteases Answer : (b)

Hepatocytes (liver cells) have the highest concentration of glycogenAnd muscles have lower concentration of glycogen Answer : (a)

Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen and converts it to the enzyme pepsin. Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase (also calledenteropeptidase). Answer : (b)

Beri-Beri caused by deficiency of B1 Answer : (d)