The Brunner glands, which empty into the intestinal glands, secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin and prevent corrosion by HCl of chyme Answer : (c)

Beer it contains alcohol, which will readily get absorbed by the wall of stomach and intestine" Answer : (d)

The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts. Answer : (d)

vitamin D produced endogenously when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Answer : (d)

Pellagra is a disease characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. If left untreated, death is the usual outcome. It occurs as a result of niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency. Niacin is required for most cellular processes. Answer : (b)

Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Answer : (c)

Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose (table sugar). Renin is a protease that is synthesized by the kidneys. Renin catalyzes the hydrolysis of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II, a highly potent vasoconstrictor. Renin inhibitors have been used therapeutically in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). Answer : (c)

taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid also taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic are the major bile salts in bile Answer : (d)

A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Coenzymes are often broadly called cofactors In many cases vitamins act as cofactors that are needed in order to allow enzymes to perform their important work of facilitating metabolism in the body. Answer : (b)

Ameloblasts are cells which secrete the enamel proteins enamelin odontoblast is a cell of neural crest origin that is part of the outer surface of the dental pulp, and whose biological function is dentinogenesis, which is the formation of dentin, the substance beneath the tooth enamel on the crown and the cementum on the root osteoblasts function in groups of connected cells. dentoblast tooth cell Answer : (b)

Cirrhosis is a complication of liver disease which involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver. Alcohol and viral hepatitis B and C are common causes of cirrhosis, although there are many other causes. Answer : (c)

Yeast provides Vit B1 and Vit B2 Answer : (b)

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Answer : (b)

The enzymes of the small intestine are responsible for almost all of the fat digestion. When pancreatic lipase acts on the lipid, it breaks it down, which results in free fatty acids and monoglycerides, the two digestive products of lipids. These products are much easier for your small intestine to handle, and they have very little trouble being absorbed out of your digestive tract. When the fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into the epithelial cells of the intestinal lining, they are combined to form triglycerides which enters the blood through lacteals Correct option is Triglycerides Answer : (a)

Glucose and amino acids is absorbed with sodium, by glucose-Na and amino acid-Na co-transporter hence called as active transport Answer : (c)

The walls lining the intestines are covered with many tiny, finger-like protrusions, or villi, that provide a large surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients. The centre of each villus contains blood capillaries and special lymph capillaries called lacteals. The blood capillaries absorb water-soluble nutrients, but the lacteals absorb the fats and fat-soluble vitamins. The lacteals carry the mixture of lymph and nutrients, known as chyle to lymph vessels in the intestinal wall. The chyle is then collected into larger lymph vessels that feed eventually into the venous circulation. Answer : (a)

A Meckel’s diverticulum is an abnormal pouch of tissue on the small intestine. Answer : (c)

4 fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E, and K) are absorbed in the alimentary canal without any breakdown Answer : (c)

The richest source of B12 is Goat liver and spirulina Answer : (d)

The number of teeth of each type is written as a dental formula for one side of the mouth, or quadrant, with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows. The number of teeth in a mouth is twice that listed as there are two sides. The dental formula shows number and type of teeth in one-half of both jaws Answer : (d)

Absorption of Monosaccharides: Absorption of glucose and galactose occur through active transport. Sodium pump on the cell membrane helps in its active transport. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion. Glucose, galactose and fructose are absorbed into the blood capillaries. Galactose is the most rapidly transported monosaccharide. Absorption of amino acids: Amino acids are absorbed by active transport coupled with active sodium transport. They also enter the bloodstream. Answer : (d)

20 milk teeth of a child get replaced in adulthood by 20 permanent teeth. but the rest 12 can never be replaced if broken, these 12 teeth grow only once in a man’s life. Answer : (c)

Lipases and nucleases are found in pancreatic juice Answer : (a)

Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol: Fatty acids and glycerol are insoluble in water thus they can’t enter in bloodstream directly. In intestinal lumen, bile salts and phospholipids incorporate fatty acids and glycerol into small, spherical water-soluble droplets known as micelles. Fat soluble vitamins and sterols along with fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by diffusion by the help of micelles into intestinal cells, where they are resynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and are converted into small droplets known as chylomicrons. Later most of them released into lymph present in lacteals (lymphatic capillaries). Answer : (d)

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition, caused by a deficiency in dietary protein Answer : (d)

Tocopherols are a class of organic chemical compounds, which have vitamin E activity. Fully synthetic vitamin E, "dl-alpha-tocopherol", the most inexpensive, most commonly sold supplement form usually as the acetate ester. Answer : (a)

Castle's intrinsic factor is a relatively small mucoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of gastric glands and required for adequate absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) for production of red blood cells. Answer : (d)

Cholesterol is synthesised in liver Answer : (b)

Parietal cells secrete HCl are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the cardia of the stomach. Answer: (d)

Rennin, also called chymosin, protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-chewing animals, such as cows. Its action extends the period in which milk is retained in the stomach of the young animal Answer:(a)

The function of the abomasum is the chemical breakdown of food. It secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. Answer : (b)

Glisson's capsule: The capsule of the liver. A layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver. Answer : (a)

vitamin A deficiency can also lead to night blindness. Vitamin A, also called retinol, plays a role in transforming nerve impulses into images in the retina. The retina is a light-sensitive area in the back of your eye Answer :(d)

Succus entericus The alkaline secretion produced by glands in the wall of the duodenum, consisting of water, mucoproteins, and hydrogen carbonate ions. It helps to counteract the highly acidic and proteolytic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach, and thus protects the duodenum from damage Answer : (d)

Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine Answer : (a)

Carbohydrates are the main driver of excess body fat by causing fluctuations in blood sugar that increase appetite. Increasing blood sugar causes insulin secretion that drives sugar into cells. What is not burned for energy or stored in the muscles and liver becomes stored fat through lipogenesis. Answer: (c)

Parietal cells secret gastric acid Answer : (a)

A, D, E and K are fat soluble vitamins Answer : (a)

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. Answer : (d)

A wisdom tooth or third molar is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition Most adults have four wisdom teeth, one in each of the four quadrants, but it is possible to have fewer or more, in which case the extras are called supernumerary teeth. Answer : (a)

Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development. Answer (c)

Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter. The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) Answer : (a)

A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and surrounds internal organs. Answer : (a)

Standard caloric values for macronutrients are: Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Protein: 5.6 kcal/g (but in the body is only 4.1 kcal/g due to incomplete oxidation) Fat: 9.3 kcal/g Ethanol: 7 kcal/g Answer : (b)

blood disorder called pernicious anemia caused when the body does not make enough red blood cells due to lack of vitamin B12 Answer : (b)

Digestion means the process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation into the body. Or the process of making food absorbable by mechanically and enzymatically breaking it down into simpler chemical compounds in the digestive tract Answer : (b)

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate. Answer : (c)

Carboxypeptidase is a protein-digesting enzyme secreted from the pancreas which cleaves peptide bonds . Proteolytic enzyme - any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis Answer : (d)

Vitamin B-12 is a big, fat vitamin molecule. It has a formula of C63H88CoN14O14P and a molecular mass of 1355.37 g/mol. Answer : (d)

Scurvy can be prevented by a diet that includes vitamin C-rich foods such as amla, bell peppers (sweet peppers), blackcurrants, broccoli, chili peppers, guava, kiwifruit, and parsley. Answer (c)