Pellagra is characterised by swollen lips, thick pigmented skin of hands and legs and irritability. Deficiency of Nicotinamide , Niacin (Nicotinic acid) causes Pellagra Answer : (c)

Rabbit have a very large blind sac called a cecum is located where the small intestine and the large intestine join together. The cecum houses microorganisms that can digest cellulose Answer : (b)

Ptyalin is an enzyme that is part of saliva and aids with digestionby breaking down starches and glycogens as they enter in mouth. a-r Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is produced in the stomach or part of gastric juice, it helps digest the proteins in food. b-s Trypsinogen is the precursor form or zymogen of trypsin, a digestive enzyme. Produced by the pancreas, it is found in pancreatic juice, along with amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen. c - q Maltase, sucrase and lactase are the three disaccharide digesting enzymes present in intestinal juice. Maltase converts maltose into glucose. Sucrase converts sucrose into glucose and fructose. Lactase converts lactose into glucose and galactose. d - p Answer : (d)

Aminopeptidase an enzyme that breaks down dietary peptides into amino acids Answer : (d)

During rest pulse, breathing, O2 intake and CO2 rate decreases Answer : (d)

An intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberk端hn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (colon).a - r The pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the Loop of duodenum, b - p The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. c-s The gastric glands are located in different regions of the stomach. d-q Answer : (d)

Lipases are water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triacylglycerols Answer : (a)

Bone mineral consists of calcium phosphate, and phosphorus is as important as calcium in supporting bone augmentation and maintenance. Answer : (d)

Rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) is a light-sensitive receptor protein involved in visual phototransduction. Vitamin A is essential for synthesis of Rhodopsin. Oranges are a good source of B vitamins including vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, and folate as well as vitamin A, calcium, copper, and potassium. Answer : (d)

Omnivores eat both plant as well as animal based diet. Hence, a greater variety of digestive enzymes are expected in their alimentary canal, which can digest both plant and animal based food. Answer: (a)

Vitamin K deficiency can also cause appetite loss, as well as bone loss, lethargy, easy bruising and slowed growth Answer : (b)

Meissner's plexus (submucous plexus) lies in the submucosa of the intestinal wall Auerbach's plexus is a collection of autonomic nerve fibers and cells that are mainly found in the muscle tissues of the human intestine. Auerbach's plexus is situated between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscular coat, which is sometimes referred to as the muscularis propria or the muscularis externa. Answer : (c)

Cholecystokinin a hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas. Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver. It is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum, Answer : (c)

The B vitamins serve as coenzymes essential for enzymes to form fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Answer : (c)

Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 found in liver Answer : (b)

through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. Enterogastrone examples are secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. Enterogastrone examples are secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide Answer : (d)

The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. Answer : (d)

An average woman needs to eat about 2000 calories per day to maintain, and 1500 calories to lose one pound of weight per week. An average man needs 2500 calories to maintain, and 2000 to lose one pound of weight per week. However, this depends on numerous factors Answer : (a)

Cholecystokinina hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas. Answer : (d)

Beriberi is caused by deficiency of thiamine, also called aneurin and vitamin B1. Answer : (a)

Digestive enzymes except pepsins have their activity optima at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Answer : (a)

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone precursor that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. Answer : (d)

Bile is formed in Liver Answer : (b)

Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency. Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Rickets is a bone disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate Answer : (b)

colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract(The colon is also called the large intestine) and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation. Answer : (d)

different vitamins helps maintain health: Water-soluble vitamins Release energy. Several B vitamins are key components of certain coenzymes (molecules that aid enzymes) that help release energy from food. Produce energy. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin engage in energy production. Build proteins and cells. Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid metabolize amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and help cells multiply. Make collagen. One of many roles played by vitamin C is to help make collagen, which knits together wounds, supports blood vessel walls, and forms a base for teeth and bones. Fat-soluble vitamins Build bones. Bone formation would be impossible without vitamins A, D, and K. Protect vision. Vitamin A also helps keep cells healthy and protects your vision. Interact favorably. Without vitamin E, your body would have difficulty absorbing and storing vitamin A. Protect the body. Vitamin E also acts as an antioxidant (a compound that helps protect the body against damage from unstable molecules). Answer : (b)

Standard caloric values for macronutrients are: Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Protein: 5.6 kcal/g (but in the body is only 4.1 kcal/g due to incomplete oxidation) Fat: 9.3 kcal/g Ethanol: 7 kcal/g Answer : (a)

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) essential for the maturation of red blood cells Answer : (b)

Extracellular digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food into molecules small enough to be taken up by passive diffusion, transport or phagocytosis. Answer : (c)

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is part of the vitamin B group. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN Answer : (b)

The graph indicates that cholesterol is an essential dietary requirement of khapra beetle because weight of insect larva increases with the increase in amount of cholesterol and weight becomes static at 4µ g cholesterol/g basal diet. If the growth rate would have been directly proportional to the cholesterol concentration then the graph would have been straight line. Answer : (d)

The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, bile salts, bilirubin, fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin) and 200 mEq/L inorganic salts. It don’t have any protein/enzymes Answer : (b)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is required for the synthesis of collagen (main component of connective tissue). It is also a highly effective antioxidant protecting cells from damage by free radicals. Vitamin C help speed the healing process of wounds. Answer : (a)

Most vitamins are obtained with food, but a few are obtained by other means. For example, microorganisms in the intestine — commonly known as "gut flora" — produce vitamin K and biotin, while one form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with the help of the natural ultraviolet wavelength of sunlight. Answer : (b)

Oesophagusthe part of the alimentary canal which connects the throat to the stomach. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.The oesophagus is 25 cm long, narrow muscular straight tube lined by stratified squamous epithelium containing mucous glands Answer : (d)

Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More accurately, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination. Answer : (b)

Main anions: Chloride (Cl-) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Phosphate (HPO42-) Main cations: Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Answer : (b)

Dietary supplements containing all eight vitamin are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Folic acid is vitamin B and pantothenic acid is vitamin B5 Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Liver is the largest gland in human body. It is also the largest (internal) organ in our body and can weigh up to 1.5-1.6 kg for a human adult. That is, about 1/50th of the body weight is because of liver Answer : (a)

Prolonged thiamine deficiency in diet leads dry beriberi mainly affects nerves and has symptoms that include weakness (loss of strength) and paralysis. Answer : (a)

Digestive enzymes except pepsins have their activity optima at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Food rich in lime juice has lower pH Answer : (b)

Meals differing in either the type or the amount of fat, protein or carbohydrates may be effective in stimulating Cholecystokinin (CCK) release and biliary secretion to varying degrees. Answer : (a)

Frog is insectivorous (insects eating). The prey is captured by the action if tongue and swallowed without mastication. The food becomes lubricated by mucous secreted by mucin gland. (Salivary gland is absent). Answer : (a)

Vitamin K plays a key role in blood clotting, deficiency causes Haemorrhagic diseases of new born Answer : (a)

By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "limit dextrin" from amylopectin. Thus “a” must be amylase. Lactase's primary function is to break down a type of sugar called lactose into two smaller particles called glucose and galactose.. Thus “b” must be lactase. Maltase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide maltose to the simple sugar glucose. Thus “c” must be maltase. Invertase is a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme that splits sucrose (common table sugar) into its component parts, glucose and fructose. Thus “d” must be Invertase Answer : (b)

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra Answer : (c)

The caecum is a pouch-like portion near the end of the large intestine in humans and many animals. Its chief role in most animals is to provide bacteria that can help the body break down plant-based food Answer : (b)

Lysozyme is abundant in secretions including tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus Answer : (c)

vermiform appendix, a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents. Answer : (b)