Exocrine- pancreatic acini form the exocrine part. Their function us to make digestive enzymes. Endocrine- islets of Langerhans function as endocrine. They make hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Answer : (d)

Vitamin E is called the anti sterility vitamin. It is so called because of its property of boosting sexual health in men & women. Answer : (a)

A "diastema" (plural "diastemata") is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars Note: In humans, the term is most commonly applied to an open space between the upper incisors (front teeth) Answer : (b)

From a dietary perspective, plant cells do not manufacture cholesterol processed butter that may contain trans-fat and also a lot of sodium that raises your blood pressure and cholesterol levels Fatty oils are fixed oils because they do not evaporate or become volatile. They cannot be distilled without being decomposed. Chemically fatty oils are close to animal fats. Answer : (b)

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C Answer : (c)

During prolonged fasting first carbohydrates are used up, followed by fat and proteins towards end Answer : (b)

Bile salt take part in emulsification of fat Answer : (c)

if you get 2,000 calories a day, between 900 and 1,300 calories should be from carbohydrates. That translates to between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrates a day. about 60-65% or 3/5 About 12 to 20 percent of your total daily calories should come from protein. or 1/5 About 12 to 20 percent of your total daily calories should come from fat. or 1/5 Answer : (d)

When we eat protein, our body breaks these large molecules down into smaller units called amino acids. These building blocks are used for many important functions in the body, including growth and repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin. Answer : (c)

Na is related to nerve conduction not Cl Answer : (d)

Vitamin A is structurally related to β-carotene. Beta carotene, a hydrocarbon, is one of a family of dark pigments called provitamin A β-Carotene is converted into vitamin A in the liver. Answer : (d)

Tocopherols are a class of organic chemical compounds, many of which have vitamin E Riboflavin - Vitamin B2 Nicotinic acid – Vitamin B3 Cyanocobalamine – Vitamin B12 Answer : (c)

There are certain permanent transverse folds, of a semilunar shape, known as the transverse folds of rectum (Houston's valves). The transverse folds of rectum (or Houston's valves) are semi-lunar transverse folds of the rectal wall that protrude into the rectum, not the anal canal as that lies below the rectum. Answer : (d)

Vitamin E is Tocopherol Calciferol – Vitamin D Thiamine – Vitamin B1 Answer : (a)

R-OH + X- → R-X + OH- Answer : (b)

In babies curdling of milk occurs in stomach due to the presence of enzyme renin In adults curdling occurs in small intestine by chymotrypsin enzyme which coagulate milk protein casein into curd. Answer : (d)

The liver consists of 4 distinct lobes — the left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes. The left and right lobes are the largest lobes and are separated by the falciform ligament. Answer : (a)

Bile juice helps in the digestion of fat due to presence of bile salts Answer : (a)

Bleeding gums/softening of bones/scurvy are caused by deficiency of Vitamin C Answer : (c)

Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness Answer : (d)

Bile juice helps in the digestion of fat. if bile duct gets chocked bile juice will not available will cause little absorption of fat Answer : (d)

Homodont Describing animals whose teeth are all of the same type. Most vertebrates except mammals are homodont.Similar cone shape teeth is Homodont Answer : (c)

After hours of non-consumption, leptin levels drop significantly. These low levels of leptin cause the release of a secondary hormone, ghrelin, which in turn reinitiates the feeling of hunger. Leptin , the "satiety hormone",is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Answer : (b)

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that helps the body metabolize proteins and process glucose. It is also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H His bundle pacing is an innovative approach in which permanent pacemaker leads are placed at the Bundle of His (or His bundle) instead of in the right ventricle (the traditional approach). Answer : (c)

Digestive juice contains catalytic agents called Enzymes. Answer : (c)

4 Kcalories in a gram of carbohydrate or protein 9 Kcalories in a gram of fat Answer : (b)

Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver. Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

An average person doing moderate work requires daily an energy 2800 kcal Answer : (d)

Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D. Answer : (a)

The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed Answer : (d)

Types of Absorption in Small Intestine 1. Passive diffusion - Nutrients pass through enterocytes and into bloodstream w/o carrier protein or energy – lipids, water, vitamin C, minerals 2. Facilitated diffusion - Nutrients pass through enterocytes with help of a carrier protein but don’t require energy – monosaccharide fructose 3. Active transport - Requires the use of energy to transport nutrients in combination with a carrier protein – glucose, galactose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, amino acids 4. Endocytosis - A form of active transport by which a small amount of the intestinal contents is engulfed by the enterocyte’s cell membrane and incorporated into the cell – some proteins and other large particles Answer : (d)

Part of tongue that gives feeling of sweetness is tip Answer : (a)

Submaxillary a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue. The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. Answer : (d)

A steroid is an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Answer : (a)

Pancreas secrets hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells Answer : (c)

In digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that contain fiber. They also help produce vitamins. Symbiotic bacteria in humans produce is Vitamins B and K Answer : (a)

The liver is an accessory digestive organ that produces bile, a fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, and an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body Answer : (d)

Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis. Answer : (b)

Bilirubin and bile give faeces its normal brown color. Bilirubin is a byproduct of red blood cells. It’s produced in the liver and then moves to the gallbladder, where it mixes with bile. Answer : (c)

Rickets is a bone disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Answer : (a)

Glucagon generally elevates the concentration of glucose in the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. Glucagon induces lipolysis in humans under conditions of insulin suppression Answer : (b)

Normally, every adult has two canine teeth in each upper and lower jaw Note :Upper Half meaning is the upper area or section of a person or things Answer : (c)

The rumen, also known as a paunch, forms the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It serves as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed,than can break down cellulose (foregut fermentation). Answer : (a)

Hydrolysis of the lipid results in breaking the fatty acids off, leaving free fatty acids and a glycerol molecule, and using up three water molecules. Answer : (b)

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo (from scratch) by the organism, and thus must be supplied in its diet. Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Substrates of lipase are fats. They are split into fatty acids and glycerol. Answer : (a)

Putrefying bacteria are bacteria involved in putrefaction of living matter Degradation of undigested protein in the colon is called putrefaction; Answer : (d)

Crypts of Lieberkühn are intestinal glands Steapsin is a pancreatic lipase that aids the digestion of fats Answer : (b)