Pyridoxine - C8H11NO3 Cysteine - HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH Ferredoxin - Fe3S4 Methionine - C5H11NO2S Answer : (c)

A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase and is the cell responsible for secretion of chymosin in ruminants. Answer : (c)

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Answer : (d)

Anemia, also spelled anaemia, is usually defined as a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia. Answer : (b)

Shark liver oil is used along with usual cancer drugs to treat leukemia and other cancers; to prevent radiation illness from cancer X-ray therapy; to prevent the common cold, flu, and swine flu; and to boost the body’s immune system. It is also used for increasing white cell counts during treatment with anti-cancer drugs Answer : (c)

An enterogastrone is any hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the caudal (or "forward, analward") motion of the contents of chyme. Answer : (a)

Vitamin D, absorb calcium, which helps to build bones and keep bones strong and healthy. Block the release of parathyroid hormone. Answer : (b)

TB is spread from person to person through the air. Smallpox The virus can be transmitted through the air by droplets that escape when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks Cancer is caused by accumulated damage to genes. Such changes may be due to chance or to exposure to a cancer causing substance. Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through water, food and from person to person. Answer : (d)

Secretin is a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas. Answer : (d)

Gallbladder is a small organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine Answer : (a)

Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. Answer : (a)

Ergosterol is a compound present in ergot and many other fungi. A steroid alcohol, it is converted to vitamin D2 when irradiated with ultraviolet light. synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin. Vitamin D is made in the skin from cholesterol dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). Answer : (d)

Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Absence of enteropeptidase results in intestinal digestion impairment. Answer : (c)

Oxyntic (Parietal cells also known as or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. Answer : (c)

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) Answer : (d)

Enteropeptidase (Enterokinase) converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes Answer : (c)

Micrionutrient or trace elements Boron , Calcium, Cobalt, Chlorine,Chromium Copper Iodine Iron Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Answer : (c)

Pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine where they help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) in the chyme. Answer : (c)

Trypsinogen, as a precursor of trypsin, functions as storage of an inactive form of trypsin so that it may be kept in the pancreas and released in significant amount when required for protein digestion. It is activated by enteropeptidase( enterokinase). Answer : (b)

Vitamin A, D, E and K are fat soluble Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble Answer : (a)

Keratomalacia is an eye disorder that results from vitamin A deficiency. Answer : (d)

The ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic duct) opens along the second part of the duodenum. Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Part of bile useful in digestion is Bile salts. The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption. Answer : (b)

Enteropeptidase (also called enterokinase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and involved in human and animal digestion. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Answer : (b)

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals. and fungi glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles Answer : (d)

Gastrin is a peptide hormon. Its release is stimulated by peptides in the lumen of the stomach. Answer : (a)

Answer:(d)

Vitamin B12 contains the biochemically rare element cobalt (chemical symbol Co) positioned in the center of a planar tetra-pyrrole ring called a corrin ring. Answer : (b)

Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for digestion. Bile juice has bile pigments such as bilirubin and biliverdin. These break down large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This process is known as emulsification of fats. Answer : (a)

pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids. Answer : (b)

The Brunner glands, which empty into the intestinal glands, secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin, which exerts a physiologic anti-acid function by coating the duodenal epithelium, therefore protecting it from the acid chyme of the stomach Secretion of these glands contributes to a layer of mucus which forms a slimy, viscoelastic gel which lubricates the lining of the proximal part of intestine Goblet cells which secretes the main component of mucus The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells Answer : (c)

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the mechanical action of chewing and the chemical action of salivary amylase. Carbohydrates are not chemically broken down in the stomach, but rather in the small intestine Answer : (b)

Kupffer's cells function red blood cells are broken down by phagocytic action, where the hemoglobin molecule is split. Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food. Answer : (a)

Holozoic nutrition is a kind of nutritional method that involves the ingestion of food either by liquid or solid organic material. Answer : (c)

Gaucher's disease is the result of a buildup of certain fatty substances in certain organs, particularly your spleen and liver. Answer : (a)

Keratinization is important because keratin is a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein that gives skin its resiliency & strength Vitamin E is the major naturally occurring lipid-soluble non-enzymatic antioxidant protecting skin from the adverse effects of oxidative stress including photoaging. Vitamin E administration can prevent the epithelial keratinization. Answer : (c)

Cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. Answer : (c)

Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. Vitamin A deficiency causes blingness Answer : (d)

Peyer's patches : one of a group of solitary nodules or groups of lymph nodes forming a single layer in the mucous membrane of the ileum opposite the mesenteric attachment. Answer : (d)

Succus entericus term for the sum total of intestinal secretion. Crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete intestinal juice Succus entericus also called intestinal juice is a fluid that is secreted in small quantity in the small intestine. The secretions of the brush border cells of the mucosa alongwith the secretions of the goblet cells constitute this intestinal juice. It is highly variable in constitution, and contains various enzymes (such as erepsin, lipase, lactase, invertase, enterokinase, dipeptidases, nucleosidases and maltase) and mucus. Brunner's glands are the glands present in the walls of the duodenum, a part of small intestine. Brunner's glands secrete watery substance called as mucoid fluid. This is an alkaline secretion which is viscous in nature. It does not have any enzymes but it helps in protecting the inner walls of the intestine from the acidic activity of the chyme received from the stomach. Answer : (a)

Calcium(Ca), Needed for bone and tooth formation; heart function and blood coagulation; Answer : (d)

lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue layer extending from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson's capsule a = 3 Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter b = 1 crypts of Lieberk端hn (intestinal glands) Tubular glands that lie between the finger-like projections of the inner surface of the small intestine Answer : (d)

A,D,E, K are fat soluble Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells Answer : (b)

Dental fluorosis is a common disorder, characterized by hypomineralization of tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation. When fluorosis is moderate, all of the surfaces of the teeth are mottled and teeth may be ground down and brown stains frequently "disfigure" the teeth Answer : (a)

Answer:(d)

yellow fruit, carrots and butter contain vitamin A One of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. A lack of vitamin A causes the cornea to become very dry, leading to clouding of the front of the eye, corneal ulcers and vision loss. Vitamin A deficiency also causes damage to the retina, which also contributes to blindness Answer : (c)