Enterokinase : a duodenal enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin Answer : (c)

The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the medial segment left lobe , bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. Answer : (a)

Hepatocellular jaundice occurs as a result of liver disease or injury. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed by the breakdown of dead red blood cells in the liver. Normally, the liver gets rid of bilirubin along with old red blood cells. Answer : (b)

Kwashiorkor, also called protein malnutrition, condition caused by severe protein deficiency. It is common in young children weaned to a diet consisting chiefly of cereal grains, cassava, plantain, and sweet potato or similar starchy foods. Infants are feed on mother milk which is rich in protein Answer : (a)

Vitamin K plays a key role in blood clotting, deficiency causes Haemorrhagic diseases of new born (i) - (b) vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities (ii) - (d) Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency.(iii) - (a) Vitamin A has a major role in phototransduction deficiency causes Night blindness.(iv) - (c) Answer : (c)

Calciferol is vitamin D Answer : (d)

All members of the deer family except for the musk deer, all of the equine family (Horse family including zebras), camels, giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, whales, some birds (such as doves), rats and some fish do not have gallbladders. Answer : (a)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid Oranges contain 53 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. One medium orange delivers 70 mg of vitamin C. Other citrus fruits, such as grapefruit, mandarins and limes, are also good sources of this vitamin Answer : (d)

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans secrete the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood. Option a wrong Oxyntic cells secrete HCl option b correct Kupffer cells digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface Option c wrong Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. Option d wrong Answer : (a)

Cod liver oil contains relatively high amounts of vitamin A and vitamin D. Answer : (c)

Symptoms of thiamine deficiency, or a lack of vitamin B1, include fatigue, irritability, depression and stomach problems. Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include: swelling and fissuring of the lips (cheilosis). ulceration and cracking of the angles of the mouth (angular stomatitisis). oily, scaly skin rashes on the scrotum, vulva, or area between the nose and lips. inflammation of the tongue. red, itchy eyes that are sensitive to light. Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency include: Rapid mood changes, short tempers, and irritability can be an early sign of scurvy Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include: heavy menstrual bleeding, gum bleeding, nose bleeding, and easy bruising,bleeding within the digestive tract and blood in the urine. Answer : (d)

Wisdom teeth are the last molars third and final set of molars that most people get in their late teens or early twenties. Answer : (b)

Waves of muscular contraction move along its wall from one end to the other, waves pass every 20 seconds mixing food in stomach acid Answer : (a)

The hepatopancreatic duct also known as ampulla of Vater or the hepatopancreatic ampulla , is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The sphincter of Oddi (SO) is critically located at the junction of the common bile duct (CBD), main pancreatic duct (hepatopancreatic duct) , and the duodenum c - p Sphincter ani internus (Internal sphincter ani) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm. of the anal canal; a - r cardiac sphincter, at the upper portion (cardia) of the stomach b-q Sphincter of Oddi guards the opening of the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum.c-p The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine d-t The pyloric sphincter is a band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine e-q Answer : (c)

I) HCl converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin. II) Hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice present in the stomach activates prorennin, and converts it into its active form, rennin. II)Hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides yields simpler monosaccharides sugars SOLUTION Answer : (d)

The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, or granular cells) are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. Rennin is produced in the form of inactive prorennin. synthesized by chief cells in the stomach. The gastric chief cell also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell Option b correct Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Hepatocytes make up 70-85% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis. Answer : (b)

A part of the enteric nervous system, the Auerbach's plexus (myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract Answer : (c)

Gastric zymogenic cell is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase Answer : (b)

Chyme or chymus is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum Answer : (b)

Pernicious anaemia : Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia is a type, is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are present due to a lack of vitamin B12. Answer : (c)

Deglutition : the action or process of swallowing. Answer : (d)

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of contents of the stomach and often, the proximal small intestine. Answer : (a)

Sir Edward Mellanby in Great Britain discovered Vitamin D Answer : (a)

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 Calciferol is vitamin D Answer : (c)

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by vitamin A deficiency. Retinol, also known as Vitamin A1 is a fat soluble vitamin. Answer : (a)

Bilirubin, a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products (feces) their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown. Answer : (a)

The gallbladder acts as a storage vessel for bile produced by the liver. Bile is produced by hepatocytes cells in the liver and passes through the bile ducts to the cystic duct. From the cystic duct, bile is pushed into the gallbladder by peristalsis Answer : (c)

When sunshine in the UV-B spectrum strikes the skin, it converts a substance in the skin called 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3 Answer : (b)

The digestive system -- which can be up to 30 feet (9.144 m) in length in adults -- is usually divided into eight parts: the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine (or "small bowel") and the large intestine (also called "large bowel" or "colon") Answer : (c)

The term “pernicious” means “deadly.” The condition is called pernicious anemia because it often was fatal in the past, before vitamin B12 treatments were available. Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12. Answer : (c)

Peptidase, also called protease or proteinase,an enzyme which breaks down peptides into amino acids. It is a type of enzyme that helps to break down proteins in the body. Answer : (c)

Gamma Urogastrone. Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide growth hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of growth, proliferation, and differentiation of a wide range of cells by binding to EGF receptors. Urogastrone secreted by the submandibular salivary glands, duodenal Brunner's glands, small intestinal Paneth cells, and other exocrine glands including the pancreas Answer : (c)

human teeth have all of these characteristic that’s why their dentition refers to as thecodont, heterodont and diphyodont. Thecodont dentition is an arrangement in which the base of the tooth is completely enclosed in a deep socket of bone is the characteristic of mammalian teeth as seen in humans Diphyodont dentition is a characteristic of mammals in which milk teeth appear in the young ones but as they grow and jaw becomes larger, milk teeth are replaced by larger permanent ones to fit in the larger jaw bone. Heterodont dentition occurs in mammals in which there are 4 functionally different types of teeth, namely, flat incisors for cutting, long and pointed canines for tearing flesh and large and broad premolars and molars with flat grinding surface. Answer : (c)

Insulin is produced in the pancreas and the Brockmann body (in some fish), and released when any of several stimuli are detected. Answer : (c)

A cross-bridge forms between actin and the myosin heads triggering contraction. As long as Ca++ ions remain in the sarcoplasm to bind to troponin, and as long as ATP is available, the muscle fiber will continue to shorten. Relaxation of a Muscle Fiber: Ca++ ions are pumped back into the SR, which causes the tropomyosin to reshield the binding sites on the actin strands. A muscle may also stop contracting when it runs out of ATP and becomes fatigued. Answer : (c)

crown refers to the anatomical area of teeth, usually covered by enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance in vertebrate body. It is ectodermal in origin and produced by ameloblasts Answer : (c)

Levels of bilirubin in blood are normally below 1.0 mg/dL (17 µmol/L) and levels over 2–3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically results in jaundice Answer : (d)

Retinol (Vitamin A) is required for growth and reproduction of the skin, and differentiation of epithelial tissue. a- iii Tocopherol Inhibits oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids b-i Vitamin D (calciferol), which comprises a group of fat soluble seco-sterols that are found in very few foods naturally, is photosynthesized in the skin of vertebrates, helps in absorption of Ca2+ c-ii Menadione promotes the hepatic biosynthesis of blood clotting factors. d-iv Ascorbic acid is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids, leading to the formation of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, norepinephrine, serotonin, homogenistic acid, and carnitine e-v Answer : (a)

The gonads are bifunctional organs that produce germ cells and the sex hormones. Their functions are controlled by tocopherol (vitamin E), which is essential for proper spermatogenesis, pregnancy, and lactation. Tocopherol is also responsible for proper muscular function. Answer : (a)

Enzymes secreted by the intestinal cells include intestinal lipase, amino peptidase, dipeptidase, nucleotidase, nucleosidase, and enterokinase. Answer : (b)

Ptyalin enzyme is an amylase enzyme produced by the salivary glands While Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. Gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach, Secretina hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas Answer : (c)

The function of the Ileocecal valve is to prevent the waste material in the large intestine from refluxing back into the ileum. Answer : (c)

Stool of an infant feeding entirely on whitish mother's milk is yellow due to Bile pigments Answer : (c)

Rhodopsin is pigmented molecule derived from vitamin A. Carrot and ripe Papaya are source of vitamin A Answer : (d)

Chymosin, known also as rennin, is a proteolytic enzyme related to pepsin that synthesized by chief cells in the stomach of some animals. Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach, a process of considerable importance in the very young animal. Answer : (c)

The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Answer : (d)

The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. Answer : (d)

The vitamin nicotinamide is synthesized in the liver from tryptophan, Answer : (b)

Vitamin E, C and A are antioxidant Answer : (d)

Diastema is associated with absence of certain teeth A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Answer : (b)