The inner layer of the stomach is full of wrinkles known as rugae (or gastric folds). Rugae both allow the stomach to stretch in order to accommodate large meals and help to grip and move food during digestion. Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Taking iron supplement pills and getting enough iron in food correct most cases of iron deficiency anemia. The most common cause is deficiency of iron which is an essential element of haemoglobin molecule. Deficiency of vitamin B12 (cobalamine) and folate can result in megaloblastic anaemia. This type of anaemina may be accompanied with ineffective erythropoiesis. Neurological abnormalities are peculiar symptom of the disease. The vitamins are intertwined biochemically so that the final common pathway that impairs DNA synthesis in hematopoietic cells. Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia (of macrocytic classification) that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Marasmus occurs in children that don't ingest enough protein, calories, carbohydrates, and other important nutrients. Answer : (b)

amylase, renin and trypsin all are protein Answer : (a)

Pepsin works in the highly acidic conditions of the stomach. It has an optimum pH of about 1.5. On the other hand, trypsin works in the small intestine, parts of which have a pH of around 7.5. Trypsin's optimum pH is about 8. Answer : (c)

Boas' point is an area of tenderness to palpation to the left of the 12th thoracic vertebra found in some patients with gastric ulcer. Answer : (d)

The parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH of the gastric juice (water + enzymes + acid). The HCl inactivates salivary amylase (ptyalin) and catalyzes the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin. Answer : (a)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. Answer : (b)

The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares / valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine. Answer : (d)

Chyme, a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion. Starch will be fully digested thus will have only Dextron and maltose. There is no maltase, sucrase or lactase enzyme so starch or glycogen do not convert into glucose. Answer : (b)

enterokinase (also called enteropeptidase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and involved in human and animal digestion. It is a component of intestinal juce Answer : (d)

Pepsinogen is activated by HCl Pepsin is expressed as a zymogen called pepsinogen, whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids. In the stomach, chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. Answer : (c)

Proteolytic enzyme - any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis Papain, Ficain, Bromelain, Pepsin, Chymosin (rennin), Cathepsin, Trypsin,Erepsin are examples of Proteolytic enzyme Answer : (c)

A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), and has a width of about 15 cm (6 in). Answer : (d)

alpha-amylase called ptyalin is produced by the salivary glands Pancreatic amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine. Answer : (c)

The distinctive odor of feces is due to bacterial action. Gut flora produces compounds such as indole, skatole, and thiols (sulfur-containing compounds), as well as the inorganic gas hydrogen sulfide. These are the same compounds responsible for the odor of flatulence. Answer : (d)

Secretin, cholecystokinin and other hormones extracted from small intestine stimulate intestinal secretion mainly CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin Answer : (b)

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), belongs to a class of molecules referred to as incretins. The function of GIP is to induce insulin secretion, which is primarily stimulated by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum. Answer : (c)

lophodont :having or constituting molar teeth with transverse ridges on the grinding surface Answer : (c)

Hyperacidity results due to excess secretion of HCl Answer : (a)

A macrophage is a type of phagocyte, which is a cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells. Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. Answer : (d)

lack of dietary iodine is the main cause of goiters Answer : (c)

serotonin diffuses out of the argentaffin cells into the walls of the digestive tract, Statement (a) correct Answer : (a)

Alimentary canal of herbivorous animal is long because plant matter is difficult to digest because the nutitious parts of the plant are inside the plant cells Answer : (b)

Correct

Microvilli are microscopic and can only be seen with a very powerful microscope, also called as Brush border cell The mechanisms responsible for the solute transport across the Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) are secondary to several transport proteins located at the brush border membranes of the small and large intestine. The net fluid movement across the gastrointestinal epithelium is primarily the result of active transport of Na+, Cl−, and HCO3−, among others. Answer : (c)

Cholecystokinin plays a key role in facilitating digestion within the small intestine. It is secreted from mucosal epithelial cells in the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum), and stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. Answer : (b)

The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are secreted from the mouth to begin external digestion. The pharynx connects the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity. This structure branches throughout the body allowing nutrients from food to reach all extremities. Planaria eat living or dead small animals that they suck up with their muscular mouths. Food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the intestines where it is digested by the cells lining the intestines. Answer : (a)

Escherichia coli locates in human large intestines Answer : (b)

Saliva has a pH normal range of 6.2-7.6 with 6.7 being the average pH. Answer : (d)

The end product of protein digestion is amino acids. Once consumed, proteins are digested and broken down into amino acids by enzymes. Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13: • Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. • Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. • Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. • Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food. • Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth. Answer : (a)

Lactase, also called lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, enzyme found in the small intestine of mammals that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose (milk sugar) into the simple sugars glucose and galactose Answer : (c)

Tusk of elephant are Upper incisors Tusk of warthogs, pigs, and walruses are Upper canines Answer : (b)

Chyle a milky fluid containing emulsified fat and other products of digestion, formed from the chyme in the small intestine Answer : (c)

Humans usually have 20 primary (deciduous, "baby" or "milk") teeth and 32 permanent (adult) teeth. Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, premolars (also called bicuspids), and molars. Answer : (b)

Argentaffin cell are epithelial cells, though common throughout the digestive tract, are most concentrated in the small intestine and appendix. Thus options are not proper Answer : (d)

Saliva contains enzyme ptyalin/amylase Answer : (b)

Fructose and amino acids are absorbed in intestine with the help of carrier ions of Na+ in microvilli or brush cells Answer : (d)

stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder Answer : (c)

The pancreatic juice contains enzymes that complete the digestion of starch called pancreatic amylase. It also contains pancreatic enzymes that complete the digestion of protein called trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase. Answer : (d)