Standard caloric values for macronutrients are: Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Protein: 5.6 kcal/g (but in the body is only 4.1 kcal/g due to incomplete oxidation) Fat: 9.3 kcal/g Ethanol: 7 kcal/g Answer : (b)

Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency , Calciferol is vitamin D Answer : (a)

Vitamin D is linked to HDL cholesterol because we need cholesterol in our skins cells to make vitamin D from sunlight. Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Trypsin. An activated serine amino acid in trypsin cleaves protein chains. Aminopeptidases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the amino terminus (N-terminus) of proteins or peptides Carboxypeptidase is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. Answer : (a)

Humans are unable to digest cellulose because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the cellulose are lacking. Some ruminants like cows and sheep contain certain symbiotic anaerobic bacteria (like Cellulomonas) in the flora of the rumen, and these bacteria produce enzymes called cellulases that help the microorganism to digest cellulose; the breakdown products are then used by the bacteria for proliferation. Answer : (d)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility Answer : (d)

Oxyntic cells (also known as Parietal or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Chylomicron: A small fat globule composed of protein and lipid (fat). Fructose and amino acids are absorbed in intestine with the help of carrier ions of Na+ Answer : (d)

Pellagra is a disease characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. If left untreated, death is the usual outcome. It occurs as a result of niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency Answer : (c)

There are two sources of this essential vitamin, including vitamin K1, or phylloquinone which is primarily found in green leafy vegetables and vitamin K2 or menaquinone which is synthesized by certain intestinal bacteria. Answer : (a)

The formation of dentin, known as dentinogenesis, begins prior to the formation of enamel and is initiated by the odontoblasts of the pulp. Answer : (b)

A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Answer : (c)

Wall of stomach is protected against action of HCl by Mucus layer Answer : (c)

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath Answer : (a)

The digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase, is water soluble and can only work at the surface of fat globules. Bile salts and phospholipids are amphipathic(having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) molecules that are present in the bile produces fat globules Answer : (c)

Bile is green because it contains the green pigment biliverdin, which is formed by a breakdown of hemoglobin Answer : (a)

Angiotensinogen (AGT) is an α-2-globulin produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver Answer : (d)

Club-shaped villi and Peyer's patches are found Ileum Answer : (b)

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. Answer : (a,b)

Function of vitamin K is Blood clotting Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes Answer : (a)

Polysaccharides in the carbohydrate food is main source of blood sugar Glycogen is mainly stored in the liver and the muscles and provides the body with a readily available source of energy if blood glucose levels decrease. Thus Statement B is wrong Answer : (b)

goblet cells is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found i-b Bacterial cell walls contain a layer of peptidoglycan, which is the specific site that lysozyme targets. ii -a sublingual glands secrete a saliva iii-d Oxyntic cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) iv-c Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

Vitamins A, D, E, and K dissolve in organic solvents whereas the B vitamins and vitamin C dissolve in water. Answer : (a)

Within the extracellular fluid, the major cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride. The major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium. Answer : (d)

The glands themselves are in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane and they open into the bases of the gastric pits formed by the epithelium. Answer : (c)

Lactase to break down lactose into two smaller particles called glucose and galactose. Answer : (b)

The PNS is responsible for stimulating digestion by increasing blood flow to the digestive tract. Parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract Answer : (d)

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Answer : (c)

vitamin B-3 deficiency causes Pellagra vitamin B2 deficiency causes throat swelling/soreness, a swollen tongue, skin cracking (including cracked corners of the mouth), dermatitis, and anemia. Answer : (d)

α cells of pancreas secrete the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood Answer : (d)

Epiglottis is meant for protecting Larynx from entry of food Answer : (b)

Wound heal slowly may be due to infection, Answer : (b)

The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone, and spans the arch formed by the upper teeth and is secondary structure. Answer : (c)

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans secrete the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood. Option a wrong Oxyntic cells secrete HCl option b correct Kupffer cells digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface Option c wrong Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. Option d wrong Answer : (b)

a small fold or ridge of tissue which supports or checks the motion of the part to which it is attached, in particular a fold of skin beneath the tongue, or between the lip and the gum. Answer : (c)

Diarrhoea: The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea. It reduces the absorption of food. Answer : (d)

Answer:(c)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine Answer : (b)

Glycogenolysis involves Conversion of glycogen into sugar Answer : (d)

The term vitamin was introduced Casimir Funk Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease) Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

The digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase, is water soluble and can only work at the surface of fat globules Amylase is found in two main areas – saliva in the mouth and pancreatic juice in the pancreas Enzyme amylase, on the other hand, is a starch - hydrolysing enzyme which has no role in fat digestion. Answer : (c)

Ptyalin (Salivary amylase) is found in saliva and breaks starch into maltose and dextrin a-ii Pepsin the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides. b- iv Steapsin A digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats to fatty acids and glycerol c-i Nuclease an enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units. d- iii Answer : (c)

Excess carbohydrate and protein in the diet are converted into fat. Answer : (d)

Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat. Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Hepatic secretion contains bile salt which emulsify fat and it to ,makes easy for action of digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase to work at the surface of fat globules Answer : (b)

starch is partially transformed into maltose by the pancreatic or salivary enzymes called amylases; maltase secreted by the intestine then converts maltose into glucose Answer : (d)