India has the largest number of children born vulnerable to iodine-deficiency Answer : (c)

Not Vitamin K but vitamin D deficiency may increase risk of infertility or Sterility Answer : (b)

Lathyrism characterised by Skeletal deformation and thinning of collagen fibre ,Leg weakness, Leg paralysis, Leg muscle rigidity, Leg muscle spasticity, Pain, Emaciated buttock muscles khesri dal consumption was linked to a neurological disorder called lathyrism Answer : (a)

Answer:( b)

Protein are one of the building blocks of body tissue, thus growth Answer : (b)

Crypts of Lieberkuhn present in the epithelia of the villi extend down into the lamina propria where they form crypts. Secrete digestive enzymes: secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory protein (GIP), motilin Answer : (a)

Magnesium contain in 100 gm Milk – 11mg Meat – 29 mg Soyabean – 280 mg Egg – 10 mg Answer : (c)

The fundus of the stomach is the second part of the stomach. The rugae contain several specialized cells to help aid in digestion including parietal cells (HCl- Hydrochloric acid production by releasing H+ and Cl-), Chief cells (pepsin production by releasing pepsinogin which reacts with HCl to make pepsin), and Mucus cells (to release mucus and coat the stomach, protecting it from the low pH, high acid environment) The main functions of the pylorus or are to prevent intestinal contents from reentering the stomach when the small intestine contracts and to limit the passage of large food particles or undigested material into the intestine. The cardia is the first part of the stomach below the esophagus. It contains the cardiac sphincter, which is a thin ring of muscle that helps to prevent stomach contents from going back up into the esophagus Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin is secreted by cells of the upper small intestine (duodenum).a hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas. Answer : (a)

The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. Answer : (b)

Rhodopsin is made up of opsin (a colourless protein) and 11-cis-retinal (11-cis-retinaldehyde), a pigmented molecule derived from vitamin A. Answer : (a)

Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Answer : (c)

A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase Answer : (c)

Maltase secreted by the intestine converts maltose into glucose. In small intestine pH gradually increases from 6 to 7.4. Maltase is secreted at brush border of the small intestine where pH is more than 7 Answer : (b)

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is also known as vitamin G Answer : (a)

Enterogastrones are hormones that inhibit stomach processes of acid secretion Gastrin stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes. pancreozymina hormone which stimulates the production of enzymes by the pancreas. Cholecystokinin (CCK)is secreted in response to fats and peptides in the upper small intestines, particularly the duodenum. Actions of CCK include: Secretion of Pancreatic Enzymes. Contraction of Gallbladder. Answer : (b)

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines Other functions are: Producing certain proteins for blood plasma Producing cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats through the body Converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage, which can later be converted to glucose for energy Regulating blood levels of amino acids, which form the building blocks of proteins Processing hemoglobin for use of its iron content Converting poisonous ammonia to urea, clearing the blood of drugs and other poisonous substances Regulating blood clotting Resisting infections by producing immune factors and removing bacteria from the blood stream Answer : (a)

glycogenolysis the splitting up of glycogen in the liver, yielding glucose. Answer : (b)

Single sugars include glucose, galactose and fructose absorbed by small intestine. without needing to digest them first. Answer : (a)

Digestive enzymes are released in inactive forms called zymogens. This is necessary to prevent the digestive enzymes from digesting the cells that produce them. In a zymogen, part of the protein blocks the active site of the enzyme. Cleaving off this peptide activates the enzyme. Answer : (a)

Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. Answer : (b)

Stomach secretes gastric juice pH [1-3.5] which contains prorennin secreted by the zymogen cells. Inactive prorennin is converted into rennin by HCl. Rennin acts on casein, a protein milk changing it into calcium paracaseinate, it is known as curdling of milk Answer : (d)

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid Answer : (d)

Carrots are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A (from beta-carotene), biotin, vitamin K (phylloquinone), potassium and vitamin B6. Vitamin A: Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body Answer : (b)

Maturation of Red Blood Cells Requires Vitamin B(Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid Answer : (a)

blood disorder called pernicious anemia caused when the body does not make enough red blood cells due to lack of vitamin B12 Answer : (b)

hydrolytic enzyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. All the proteases, nucleases, amylases, helices, lipase come under hydrolase enzyme or hydrolytic enzyme. Proteases require acidic medium or acts at low pH. correct answer is proteases Answer : (b)

Hepatocytes (liver cells) have the highest concentration of glycogenAnd muscles have lower concentration of glycogen Answer : (a)

Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen and converts it to the enzyme pepsin. Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase (also calledenteropeptidase). Answer : (b)

Beri-Beri caused by deficiency of B1 Answer : (d)

The Brunner glands, which empty into the intestinal glands, secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin and prevent corrosion by HCl of chyme Answer : (c)

Beer it contains alcohol, which will readily get absorbed by the wall of stomach and intestine" Answer : (d)

The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts. Answer : (d)

vitamin D produced endogenously when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Answer : (d)

Pellagra is a disease characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. If left untreated, death is the usual outcome. It occurs as a result of niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency. Niacin is required for most cellular processes. Answer : (b)

Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Answer : (c)

Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose (table sugar). Renin is a protease that is synthesized by the kidneys. Renin catalyzes the hydrolysis of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II, a highly potent vasoconstrictor. Renin inhibitors have been used therapeutically in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). Answer : (c)

taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid also taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic are the major bile salts in bile Answer : (d)

A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Coenzymes are often broadly called cofactors In many cases vitamins act as cofactors that are needed in order to allow enzymes to perform their important work of facilitating metabolism in the body. Answer : (b)

Ameloblasts are cells which secrete the enamel proteins enamelin odontoblast is a cell of neural crest origin that is part of the outer surface of the dental pulp, and whose biological function is dentinogenesis, which is the formation of dentin, the substance beneath the tooth enamel on the crown and the cementum on the root osteoblasts function in groups of connected cells. dentoblast tooth cell Answer : (b)

Vitamin K plays a key role in helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding. Deficiency of Vitamin K causes excessive bleeding. Answer : (c)

Cirrhosis is a complication of liver disease which involves loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver. Alcohol and viral hepatitis B and C are common causes of cirrhosis, although there are many other causes. Answer : (c)

Yeast provides Vit B1 and Vit B2 Answer : (b)

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Answer : (b)

The enzymes of the small intestine are responsible for almost all of the fat digestion. When pancreatic lipase acts on the lipid, it breaks it down, which results in free fatty acids and monoglycerides, the two digestive products of lipids. These products are much easier for your small intestine to handle, and they have very little trouble being absorbed out of your digestive tract. When the fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into the epithelial cells of the intestinal lining, they are combined to form triglycerides which enters the blood through lacteals Correct option is Triglycerides Answer : (a)

Glucose and amino acids is absorbed with sodium, by glucose-Na and amino acid-Na co-transporter hence called as active transport Answer : (c)

The walls lining the intestines are covered with many tiny, finger-like protrusions, or villi, that provide a large surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients. The centre of each villus contains blood capillaries and special lymph capillaries called lacteals. The blood capillaries absorb water-soluble nutrients, but the lacteals absorb the fats and fat-soluble vitamins. The lacteals carry the mixture of lymph and nutrients, known as chyle to lymph vessels in the intestinal wall. The chyle is then collected into larger lymph vessels that feed eventually into the venous circulation. Answer : (a)

A Meckel’s diverticulum is an abnormal pouch of tissue on the small intestine. Answer : (c)

4 fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E, and K) are absorbed in the alimentary canal without any breakdown Answer : (c)

The richest source of B12 is Goat liver and spirulina Answer : (d)