Cannibalism, in zoology, the eating of any animal by another member of the same species. Cannibalism frequently serves as a mechanism to control population or to ensure the genetic contribution of an individual. Answer : (d)

The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices bile and pancreatic juice through hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. Answer : (a)

uvula move superiorly to close off the nasopharynx, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. Internal nares (or choanae) are present only in air-breathing vertebrates and open into the mouth cavity.Posterior to the internal nares the passages open into the nasopharynx. Answer : (a)

Enterokinase, secreted from the duodenal mucosa, that changes the inactive pancreatic secretion trypsinogen into trypsin, one of the enzymes that digest proteins. Answer : (b)

Cortisol is a hormone releases when body under stress. Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure Answer : (d)

salivary amylase begins the digestive process by breaking down starch a-3 Bile salts The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption b-5 Rennin -Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach c-2 Pepsin- the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides d-1 Steapsin A digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats to fatty acids and glycerol e- 4 Answer : (d)

riboflavin , also known as Vitamin B2 , is one of the eight B-complex vitamins. Like other B vitamins, it plays a role in energy production in the body Answer : (b)

Beri-Beri caused by deficiency of B1 Answer : (d)

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Answer : (a)

Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid. Stomach acid does not digest protein. Rather, it activates an enzyme called pepsinogen which then becomes pepsin that is secreted by the stomach wall. This enzyme is only active within the pH range of 3.0 to 5.0 and requires the acid to maintain that pH. if reqired amount of HCl is not prodced then proteins will not be adequately hydrolysed by pepsin to protesoses and peptones Answer : (b)

The taeniae coli (also teniae coli) are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. Answer : (b)

The enzyme carboxypeptidase A is secreted by the pancreas and is used to speed up this hydrolysis reaction Answer : (a)

Coprophagy, eating of dung, or feces, certain members of the order Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares) and in at least one leaf-eating primate (genus Lepilemur). Answer : (c)

Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in the body and is essential for a number of vital functions. The skeleton contains about 99% of the body’s calcium with approximately 1kg present in adult bones. The major constituents of bone are calcium and phosphate, forming hydroxyapatite, Calcium also plays a vital role in many systems including intracellular signalling to enable the integration and regulation of metabolic processes, the transmission of information via the nervous system, the control of muscle contraction (including the heart) and blood clotting. Answer : (b)

Chemically fats are esters hydrolysis of fat by liypase will yield mono- and di- glycerides and free fatty acids Answer : (a)

The physical process of chewing food in your mouth helps to break down larger particles of food into smaller particles( increasing surface area of food). This helps to reduce stress on the esophagus and helps the stomach metabolize your food. When you chew each mouthful properly, you also release a lot of saliva, which contains digestive enzymes Answer : (d)

The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body Answer : (c)

Dental formula for milk teeth in humans is 2120/2120. Answer : (a)

The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption. Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Answer : (c)

Antioxidants are defined as substances that, when present in a low concentration compared to that of oxidizable substrates, significantly delay or inhibit oxidation of that substance Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, selenium, and carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Answer : (c)

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. Answer : (c)

on meat, egg and milk do not have vitamin C , thus cause Scurvy Answer : (b)

Dicumarol is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase; thus, it inhibits vitamin K recycling and causes depletion of active vitamin K in blood. Answer : (c)

Absorption process occurs either by the passive, active or facilitated transport mechanisms in the body. Answer : (c)

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum, Answer : (b)

Dieting :A prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes. Reduction of caloric intake so as to lose weight. Answer : (b)

Rugae: A fold or crease, esp. one of the folds of mucous membrane on the internal surface of the stomach. Answer : (a)

Proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze proteins at the optimum temperature and pH and usually target specific peptide cleavage bonds, resulting in digestion consisting of amino acids and peptides of varying size Answer : (b)

The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Answer : (a)

DNAase(deoxyribonuclease) & RNAase (ribonuclease) are enzymes present in digestive juice secreted by pancreas. Answer : (b)

One of the function of liver is detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. Answer : (d)

The optimum conditions for ptyalin activity are a pH range of 5.6–6.9 Salivary amylase keeps the pH in the mouth basic. Thus HCl inactivate ptyalin. Answer : (d)

Although the liver produces bile salts, it does not produce any enzymes for digestion of food in the duodenum. It does perform the other listed functions. Answer : (d)

Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body as oxalate, a bodily waste product. ... Consuming too much vitamin C has the potential to increase the amount of oxalate in your urine, thus increasing the risk of developing kidney stones Answer : (a)

Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for glucose and ATP (energy). If both are present in relatively high amounts, then the excess of insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in liver and muscle cells. Answer : (d)

First step in digestion of fat is Emulsification Bile salts from the liver help in emulsifying the fat in the small intestine, which means breaking it into very small droplets so they can be acted on by the enzymes. Lipase is produced by the pancreas and poured into the small intestine to break the ester bond in the triglyceride. Answer : (a)

Answer:(c)

The crown of a tooth is that part of the tooth which is covered with enamel and this is the part usually visible in the mouth. Answer : (a)

The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices bile and pancreatic juice through hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. Answer : (d)

First portion of small intestine is called Duodenum The small intestine consists of three parts. The first part, called the duodenum, connects to the stomach. The middle part is the jejunum. The third part, called the ileum, attaches to the colon Answer : (c)

Duodenum produces following hormones: Enterogastrone is any hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the caudal (or "forward, analward") motion of the contents of chyme. Gastrin - secreted by G cells in the duodenum where they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins Secretin -- released when chyme arrives in the duodenum Cholecystokinin (CCK)-- secreted when chyme arrives in the duodenum, especially when the chyme contains lipid and partially digested proteins Enterocrinin - released when chyme enters the duodenum Answer : (c)

Phagocytic cells lining blood sinuses of liver are known as Kupffer's cells. Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids that form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system Answer : (b)

Pancreatic juice, which is defined as an alkaline secretion of the pancreas containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats Answer : (b)

Cattle are able to digest cellulose which humans cannot because cattle have cellulose digesting bacteria Answer : (a)

Amylase enzyme digest starch Answer : (c)

Humans cannot synthesize vitamins A, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin),C, E and K but are able to synthesize some vitamin B3 (niacin) and D. Answer : (d)

Microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells such as those lining the intestine increase the cell's surface area and thus facilitate the absorption of ingested food and water molecules Answer : (d)

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by protein deficiency. It can be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake whereas marasmus is inadequate energy intake in all forms, including protein. Answer : (a)

Several immune system functions are dependent on sufficient vitamin A, which is why it is known as an important immune booting vitamin. Genes involved in immune responses are regulated by Vitamin A One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines Calcium is a mineral that helps bones stay strong. Our bodies continually remove small amounts of calcium from our bones and replace it with new calcium, a bone "remodeling" process Answer : (c)

Vitamin E is a group of compounds (including tocopherols and tocotrienols) Vitamin E deficiency causes pregnant rats to abort, but no such relationship has been confirmed in human pregnancy. Answer : (c)