Ptyalin is inactivated by a component of gastric juice known as HCl. Ptyalin is an enzyme and it is made up of protein. When it enters the stomach, the HCl in the stomach denatures the protein and as a result of that ptyalin becomes inactive and the activity stops in it. Answer : (b)

Holozoic refers to engulfment of whole/part of plant/animal in liquid/solid state. The heterotrophic Amoeba engulf the particulate food. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis Answer : (a)

Insulin is synthesized in significant quantities only in beta cells in the pancreas. ... When the beta cell is appropriately stimulated, insulin is secreted from the cell by exocytosis and diffuses into islet capillary blood. C peptide is also secreted into blood, but has no known biological activity. Answer : (b)

Heterocrine Glands. These are those glands which are partly endocrine and partly exocrine in function. E.g. Pancreas. Pancreas, testis and ovaries are examples of the same. Answer : (d)

Daily salivary output. There is much debate about the amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day; estimates range from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day while it is generally accepted that during sleep the amount drops to nearly zero Answer : (d)

Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Is caused due to vitamin D/Calcium/Phosphorous deficiency Answer : (d)

The main components include bile acids (also called bile salts), phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine [PC]), cholesterol, bilirubin (mostly in its conjugated form), inorganic salts (potassium, sodium and bicarbonate), as well as very small amounts of copper and other metals. But no enzyme Answer : (d)

Trace elements for animal body are iron, iodine, fluoride, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese and molybdenum are vital for maintaining health. Also referred to as microminerals, these trace elements are part of enzymes, hormones and cells in the body. Answer : (d)

Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. Answer : (a)

Steapsin digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol. Answer : (c)

Main bile salts present are Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium glycocholate, Sodium taurocholate Answer : (d)

Oedema is a build up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen. The swelling can occur in one particular part of the body If a blood protein, called albumin, gets too low, fluid is retained and edema occurs, especially in the feet, ankles and lower legs Answer : (d)

The incisors at the front of the mouth have a sharp biting surface and are used for cutting or shearing food into small chewable pieces. There are eight incisors in both primary (baby) and permanent sets of teeth (dentitions). Shovel-shaped incisors (or, more simply, shovel incisors) are incisors whose lingual surfaces are scooped as a consequence of lingual marginal ridges, crown curvature or basal tubercles, either alone or in combination Answer : (d)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. In the absence of HCl (Hydrochloric acid) pepsinogen is not activated and converted into pepsin. (ii) Hence no protein digestion takes place. Answer : (c)

During fasting no fresh glucose is available through digestion. To fulfill need of energy glycogenolysis take place. In glycogenolysis, glycogen stored in the liver and muscles, is converted first to glucose-1- phosphate and then into glucose-6-phosphate. br/> Answer : (b)

Selenium Deficiency symptoms • liver necrosis • muscular dystrophy • cardiomyopathy (myocardial infarction) Answer : (c)

The function of Kupffer cells is to break down red blood cells through phagocytosis, liberating the globin chains and the heme component for further metabolic processing and re-use. Kupffer cells also play an essential role in innate immunity. They are involved in phagocytosing blood-borne bacteria passing through the liver from the gut. They are also capable of producing cytokines, chemokines, and ROS. Therefore, they are capable of recruiting monocytes into the liver, as well as participate in the development of alcoholic liver damage (via ROS production). Answer : (d)

islets of Langerhans, are tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. Answer : (d)

pepsin hydrolyses proteins to protesoses and peptones Answer : (c)

The small intestine is the largest part of the alimentary canal. It is about 6.5 metres long in an adult man. It is known as small intestine because it is very narrow. The small intestine is arranged in the form of a coil in our belly : Statement a is correct The small intestine has a large internal surface area for absorption to happen quickly and efficiently. This large surface area is due to the presence of many finger-like projections called villi. Statement b is correct . Answer : (b)

The main role of goblet cells is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found. Goblet cells accomplish this by secreting mucins, large glycoproteins formed mostly by carbohydrates. If Goblet cells become non-functional, this will adversely affect smooth movement of food down the intestine due to absence of mucin Answer : (c)

Deamination – It is a process by which the amino group (-NH2) is removed from amino acids resulting the production of ammonia which is converted into urea in liver. Bacteria in gut and in cells create ammonia when your body breaks down protein. Answer : (d)

Fructose is absorbed into the blood through mucosa cells of intestine by the process called facilitated transport (diffusion) Answer:(d)

In humans, the milk protein digesting enzyme in stomach is pepsin. In calves it is rennin. It is also present in small amounts in human infants but not adults. Pepsin acts on water soluble 'caseinogen' (milk protein) to form soluble 'casein' This combines with calcium salts to form insoluble calcium paracaseinate, which gets readily digested enzymatically. Answer:(b)

Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter. Brunner's glands (duodenal glands) secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin, which exerts a physiologic anti-acid function by coating the duodenal epithelium Answer:(b)

Gastric juice of infants contains pepsinogen, lipase, rennin. It's pH varies from 7.5 and 8.5. Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme synthesised by stomach. Its role is to curdle or cogulate milk. Therefore, it is present in infants because they feed on milk but is absent in adults. Answer:(d)

The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) in the gastric glands in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Answer:(b)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)

The Sphincter Oddi is a small smooth muscle sphincter strategically placed at the junction of the bile duct, pancreatic duct, and duodenum. The sphincter controls flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum and prevents reflux of duodenal content into the ducts. Answer:(d)

Thecodont: Teeth are present in the sockets of the jaw bone called alveoli Diphyodont: Teeth erupts twice, temporary milk or deciduous teeth are replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. Heterodont dentition: Dentition consists of different types of teeth namely incisors, canine, premolars and molars. Answer : (b)

Erythropoiesis is a process of production of red blood cells. The parietal cells of the stomach are gastric cells that indirectly help in erythropoiesis. These cells produce glycoprotein known as a gastric intrinsic factor (GIF). This factor plays important role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum of the small intestine. This vitamin B12 , in turn, is essential in the process of erythropoiesis for differentiation of erythroblasts. Thus, the correct answer is option d. Answer : (d)

The esophagus is the hollow tube that leads from the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. Answer : (d)

Protein digestion occurs in stomach, jejunum and ileum. It is completed in the ileum. Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the protease and carbohydrase enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion into the lumen of the intestineAnswer:(b)

Three chemicals stimulate the pancreas: cholecystokinin, secretin and gastrin. Cholecystokinin is made by cells in the intestines when proteins and fats are detected in the digestive tract. These same cells also make another hormone, secretin, which stimulates the pancreas. Finally, gastrin, which is synthesized by cells in the stomach, also makes the pancreas release its digestive juices. cholecystokinin a polypeptide hormone secreted in the small intestine, Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the intestine. It also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and may induce satiety Answer : (b)

Oxyntic cells (also called Parietal cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid HCl Answer : (c)

Brunner's glands are found in a part of the digestive system known as the duodenum. which secrete mucus and bicarbonate in order to neutralize stomach acids. Answer : (b)

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by vitamin A deficiency. Night blindness, also called nyctalopia, means a person cannot see well at night or in poor light. It may cause by vitamin A deficiency. Answer : (a)

statement (iii) is not correct as In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. Answer:(d)

Answer:(d)

Answer:(a)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

major components of our food carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. statement I is not correct Answer:(c)

Answer:(a)

Enterokinase (Enteropeptidase) converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin Trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, breaking down proteins into smaller peptides. A dipeptide is a short protein consisting of only two amino acids linked together by one peptide bond. hence conversion of Dipeptides → Amino acids. will affect Protease refers to a group of enzymes whose catalytic function is to hydrolyze peptide bonds of proteins. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that acts on starch in food not affected by trypsinogen Answer:(b)

Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)

Answer:(c)