The number of teeth of each type is written as a dental formula for one side of the mouth, or quadrant, with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows. The number of teeth in a mouth is twice that listed as there are two sides. The dental formula shows number and type of teeth in one-half of both jaws Answer : (d)

Absorption of Monosaccharides: Absorption of glucose and galactose occur through active transport. Sodium pump on the cell membrane helps in its active transport. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion. Glucose, galactose and fructose are absorbed into the blood capillaries. Galactose is the most rapidly transported monosaccharide. Absorption of amino acids: Amino acids are absorbed by active transport coupled with active sodium transport. They also enter the bloodstream. Answer : (d)

20 milk teeth of a child get replaced in adulthood by 20 permanent teeth. but the rest 12 can never be replaced if broken, these 12 teeth grow only once in a man’s life. Answer : (c)

Lipases and nucleases are found in pancreatic juice Answer : (a)

Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol: Fatty acids and glycerol are insoluble in water thus they can’t enter in bloodstream directly. In intestinal lumen, bile salts and phospholipids incorporate fatty acids and glycerol into small, spherical water-soluble droplets known as micelles. Fat soluble vitamins and sterols along with fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by diffusion by the help of micelles into intestinal cells, where they are resynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and are converted into small droplets known as chylomicrons. Later most of them released into lymph present in lacteals (lymphatic capillaries). Answer : (d)

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition, caused by a deficiency in dietary protein Answer : (d)

Tocopherols are a class of organic chemical compounds, which have vitamin E activity. Fully synthetic vitamin E, "dl-alpha-tocopherol", the most inexpensive, most commonly sold supplement form usually as the acetate ester. Answer : (a)

Castle's intrinsic factor is a relatively small mucoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of gastric glands and required for adequate absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) for production of red blood cells. Answer : (d)

Cholesterol is synthesised in liver Answer : (b)

Parietal cells secrete HCl are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the cardia of the stomach. Answer: (d)

Rennin, also called chymosin, protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-chewing animals, such as cows. Its action extends the period in which milk is retained in the stomach of the young animal Answer:(a)

The function of the abomasum is the chemical breakdown of food. It secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. Answer : (b)

Glisson's capsule: The capsule of the liver. A layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver. Answer : (a)

Succus entericus The alkaline secretion produced by glands in the wall of the duodenum, consisting of water, mucoproteins, and hydrogen carbonate ions. It helps to counteract the highly acidic and proteolytic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach, and thus protects the duodenum from damage Answer : (d)

Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine Answer : (a)

Carbohydrates are the main driver of excess body fat by causing fluctuations in blood sugar that increase appetite. Increasing blood sugar causes insulin secretion that drives sugar into cells. What is not burned for energy or stored in the muscles and liver becomes stored fat through lipogenesis. Answer: (c)

Parietal cells secret gastric acid Answer : (a)

A, D, E and K are fat soluble vitamins Answer : (a)

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. Answer : (d)

A wisdom tooth or third molar is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition Most adults have four wisdom teeth, one in each of the four quadrants, but it is possible to have fewer or more, in which case the extras are called supernumerary teeth. Answer : (a)

Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development. Answer (c)

Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter. The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) Answer : (a)

A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and surrounds internal organs. Answer : (a)

Standard caloric values for macronutrients are: Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Protein: 5.6 kcal/g (but in the body is only 4.1 kcal/g due to incomplete oxidation) Fat: 9.3 kcal/g Ethanol: 7 kcal/g Answer : (b)

Digestion means the process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation into the body. Or the process of making food absorbable by mechanically and enzymatically breaking it down into simpler chemical compounds in the digestive tract Answer : (b)

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate. Answer : (c)

Carboxypeptidase is a protein-digesting enzyme secreted from the pancreas which cleaves peptide bonds . Proteolytic enzyme - any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis Answer : (d)

Vitamin B-12 is a big, fat vitamin molecule. It has a formula of C63H88CoN14O14P and a molecular mass of 1355.37 g/mol. Answer : (d)

Scurvy can be prevented by a diet that includes vitamin C-rich foods such as amla, bell peppers (sweet peppers), blackcurrants, broccoli, chili peppers, guava, kiwifruit, and parsley. Answer (c)

Pellagra is characterised by swollen lips, thick pigmented skin of hands and legs and irritability. Deficiency of Nicotinamide , Niacin (Nicotinic acid) causes Pellagra Answer : (c)

Rabbit have a very large blind sac called a cecum is located where the small intestine and the large intestine join together. The cecum houses microorganisms that can digest cellulose Answer : (b)

Ptyalin is an enzyme that is part of saliva and aids with digestionby breaking down starches and glycogens as they enter in mouth. a-r Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is produced in the stomach or part of gastric juice, it helps digest the proteins in food. b-s Trypsinogen is the precursor form or zymogen of trypsin, a digestive enzyme. Produced by the pancreas, it is found in pancreatic juice, along with amylase, lipase, and chymotrypsinogen. c - q Maltase, sucrase and lactase are the three disaccharide digesting enzymes present in intestinal juice. Maltase converts maltose into glucose. Sucrase converts sucrose into glucose and fructose. Lactase converts lactose into glucose and galactose. d - p Answer : (d)

Aminopeptidase an enzyme that breaks down dietary peptides into amino acids Answer : (d)

vitamin A deficiency can also lead to night blindness. Vitamin A, also called retinol, plays a role in transforming nerve impulses into images in the retina. The retina is a light-sensitive area in the back of your eye Answer :(d)

An intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberk端hn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (colon).a - r The pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the Loop of duodenum, b - p The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. c-s The gastric glands are located in different regions of the stomach. d-q Answer : (d)

Lipases are water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triacylglycerols Answer : (a)

Bone mineral consists of calcium phosphate, and phosphorus is as important as calcium in supporting bone augmentation and maintenance. Answer : (d)

Rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) is a light-sensitive receptor protein involved in visual phototransduction. Vitamin A is essential for synthesis of Rhodopsin. Oranges are a good source of B vitamins including vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, and folate as well as vitamin A, calcium, copper, and potassium. Answer : (d)

Omnivores eat both plant as well as animal based diet. Hence, a greater variety of digestive enzymes are expected in their alimentary canal, which can digest both plant and animal based food. Answer: (a)

Vitamin K deficiency can also cause appetite loss, as well as bone loss, lethargy, easy bruising and slowed growth Answer : (b)

Meissner's plexus (submucous plexus) lies in the submucosa of the intestinal wall Auerbach's plexus is a collection of autonomic nerve fibers and cells that are mainly found in the muscle tissues of the human intestine. Auerbach's plexus is situated between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscular coat, which is sometimes referred to as the muscularis propria or the muscularis externa. Answer : (c)

Cholecystokinin a hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas. Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver. It is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum, Answer : (c)

The B vitamins serve as coenzymes essential for enzymes to form fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Answer : (c)

Answer:(c)

Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 found in liver Answer : (b)

through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. Enterogastrone examples are secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL). Vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin, and secretin all inhibit production. Enterogastrone examples are secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide Answer : (d)

The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. Answer : (d)

An average woman needs to eat about 2000 calories per day to maintain, and 1500 calories to lose one pound of weight per week. An average man needs 2500 calories to maintain, and 2000 to lose one pound of weight per week. However, this depends on numerous factors Answer : (a)

Cholecystokinina hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas. Answer : (d)

Beriberi is caused by deficiency of thiamine, also called aneurin and vitamin B1. Answer : (a)