Digestive enzymes except pepsins have their activity optima at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Answer : (a)

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone precursor that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. Answer : (d)

Bile is formed in Liver Answer : (b)

Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency. Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Rickets is a bone disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate Answer : (b)

colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract(The colon is also called the large intestine) and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation. Answer : (d)

different vitamins helps maintain health: Water-soluble vitamins Release energy. Several B vitamins are key components of certain coenzymes (molecules that aid enzymes) that help release energy from food. Produce energy. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin engage in energy production. Build proteins and cells. Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid metabolize amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and help cells multiply. Make collagen. One of many roles played by vitamin C is to help make collagen, which knits together wounds, supports blood vessel walls, and forms a base for teeth and bones. Fat-soluble vitamins Build bones. Bone formation would be impossible without vitamins A, D, and K. Protect vision. Vitamin A also helps keep cells healthy and protects your vision. Interact favorably. Without vitamin E, your body would have difficulty absorbing and storing vitamin A. Protect the body. Vitamin E also acts as an antioxidant (a compound that helps protect the body against damage from unstable molecules). Answer : (b)

Standard caloric values for macronutrients are: Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Protein: 5.6 kcal/g (but in the body is only 4.1 kcal/g due to incomplete oxidation) Fat: 9.3 kcal/g Ethanol: 7 kcal/g Answer : (a)

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) essential for the maturation of red blood cells Answer : (b)

Extracellular digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food into molecules small enough to be taken up by passive diffusion, transport or phagocytosis. Answer : (c)

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is part of the vitamin B group. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN Answer : (b)

The graph indicates that cholesterol is an essential dietary requirement of khapra beetle because weight of insect larva increases with the increase in amount of cholesterol and weight becomes static at 4µ g cholesterol/g basal diet. If the growth rate would have been directly proportional to the cholesterol concentration then the graph would have been straight line. Answer : (d)

The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, bile salts, bilirubin, fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin) and 200 mEq/L inorganic salts. It don’t have any protein/enzymes Answer : (b)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is required for the synthesis of collagen (main component of connective tissue). It is also a highly effective antioxidant protecting cells from damage by free radicals. Vitamin C help speed the healing process of wounds. Answer : (a)

Most vitamins are obtained with food, but a few are obtained by other means. For example, microorganisms in the intestine — commonly known as "gut flora" — produce vitamin K and biotin, while one form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with the help of the natural ultraviolet wavelength of sunlight. Answer : (b)

Oesophagusthe part of the alimentary canal which connects the throat to the stomach. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane.The oesophagus is 25 cm long, narrow muscular straight tube lined by stratified squamous epithelium containing mucous glands Answer : (d)

Amylase enzyme digest starch Answer : (c)

Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More accurately, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination. Answer : (b)

Main anions: Chloride (Cl-) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Phosphate (HPO42-) Main cations: Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Answer : (b)

Dietary supplements containing all eight vitamin are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Folic acid is vitamin B and pantothenic acid is vitamin B5 Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Liver is the largest gland in human body. It is also the largest (internal) organ in our body and can weigh up to 1.5-1.6 kg for a human adult. That is, about 1/50th of the body weight is because of liver Answer : (a)

Prolonged thiamine deficiency in diet leads dry beriberi mainly affects nerves and has symptoms that include weakness (loss of strength) and paralysis. Answer : (a)

Digestive enzymes except pepsins have their activity optima at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Food rich in lime juice has lower pH Answer : (b)

Meals differing in either the type or the amount of fat, protein or carbohydrates may be effective in stimulating Cholecystokinin (CCK) release and biliary secretion to varying degrees. Answer : (a)

Frog is insectivorous (insects eating). The prey is captured by the action if tongue and swallowed without mastication. The food becomes lubricated by mucous secreted by mucin gland. (Salivary gland is absent). Answer : (a)

Vitamin K plays a key role in blood clotting, deficiency causes Haemorrhagic diseases of new born Answer : (a)

By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "limit dextrin" from amylopectin. Thus “a” must be amylase. Lactase's primary function is to break down a type of sugar called lactose into two smaller particles called glucose and galactose.. Thus “b” must be lactase. Maltase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide maltose to the simple sugar glucose. Thus “c” must be maltase. Invertase is a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme that splits sucrose (common table sugar) into its component parts, glucose and fructose. Thus “d” must be Invertase Answer : (b)

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra Answer : (c)

The caecum is a pouch-like portion near the end of the large intestine in humans and many animals. Its chief role in most animals is to provide bacteria that can help the body break down plant-based food Answer : (b)

During rest pulse, breathing, O2 intake and CO2 rate decreases Answer : (d)

vermiform appendix, a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents. Answer : (b)

Exocrine- pancreatic acini form the exocrine part. Their function us to make digestive enzymes. Endocrine- islets of Langerhans function as endocrine. They make hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Answer : (d)

Vitamin E is called the anti sterility vitamin. It is so called because of its property of boosting sexual health in men & women. Answer : (a)

A "diastema" (plural "diastemata") is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars Note: In humans, the term is most commonly applied to an open space between the upper incisors (front teeth) Answer : (b)

From a dietary perspective, plant cells do not manufacture cholesterol processed butter that may contain trans-fat and also a lot of sodium that raises your blood pressure and cholesterol levels Fatty oils are fixed oils because they do not evaporate or become volatile. They cannot be distilled without being decomposed. Chemically fatty oils are close to animal fats. Answer : (b)

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C Answer : (c)

During prolonged fasting first carbohydrates are used up, followed by fat and proteins towards end Answer : (b)

Bile salt take part in emulsification of fat Answer : (c)

if you get 2,000 calories a day, between 900 and 1,300 calories should be from carbohydrates. That translates to between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrates a day. about 60-65% or 3/5 About 12 to 20 percent of your total daily calories should come from protein. or 1/5 About 12 to 20 percent of your total daily calories should come from fat. or 1/5 Answer : (d)

When we eat protein, our body breaks these large molecules down into smaller units called amino acids. These building blocks are used for many important functions in the body, including growth and repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin. Answer : (c)

Na is related to nerve conduction not Cl Answer : (d)

Vitamin A is structurally related to β-carotene. Beta carotene, a hydrocarbon, is one of a family of dark pigments called provitamin A β-Carotene is converted into vitamin A in the liver. Answer : (d)

Tocopherols are a class of organic chemical compounds, many of which have vitamin E Riboflavin - Vitamin B2 Nicotinic acid – Vitamin B3 Cyanocobalamine – Vitamin B12 Answer : (c)

There are certain permanent transverse folds, of a semilunar shape, known as the transverse folds of rectum (Houston's valves). The transverse folds of rectum (or Houston's valves) are semi-lunar transverse folds of the rectal wall that protrude into the rectum, not the anal canal as that lies below the rectum. Answer : (d)

Vitamin E is Tocopherol Calciferol – Vitamin D Thiamine – Vitamin B1 Answer : (a)

R-OH + X- → R-X + OH- Answer : (b)

In babies curdling of milk occurs in stomach due to the presence of enzyme renin In adults curdling occurs in small intestine by chymotrypsin enzyme which coagulate milk protein casein into curd. Answer : (d)

The liver consists of 4 distinct lobes — the left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes. The left and right lobes are the largest lobes and are separated by the falciform ligament. Answer : (a)

Bile juice helps in the digestion of fat due to presence of bile salts Answer : (a)

Bleeding gums/softening of bones/scurvy are caused by deficiency of Vitamin C Answer : (c)